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→アヴェスターにおいて
==== ガーサでは ====
最も古代のテキストにおいて、「アタル」は判断が下される手段であり、預言的な熱による試練（アヴェスター語：ガルモ・ヴァラ、熱の試練）を反映している（ボイス 1996年：第6章）。正義はアタルによって執行される（ヤスナ31.3、34.4、36.2、47.2）、燃え盛るアタル（31.19、51.9）、アタルの熱を通して（43.4）、燃え盛って輝く溶けた金属を通して（アヤンガ・クシュシュタ30.7、32.7、51.9）。火の試練を乗り越えた者は、肉体的および精神的な力、知恵、真実、愛とともに平穏を得る（30.7）。しかし、最古の文献におけるアタールへの言及の中で、アフラ・マズダーとは独立して言及されているのは一度だけである。この例外では、アタールは男性三人称単数で言及されている。「彼は手でつかむことで罪人を見抜く」（ヤスナ34.4）。全体として、「火による試練は全部で30種類ほどあったと言われている」（ボイス、2002:1）。
==== ガーサ以降の文書 ====
The Gathic role of ''atar'' as the medium for detecting guilt is not directly evident in the later texts of the Avesta, but reappears in modified form as an allegory of burning and annihilating the [[Angra Mainyu]] through righteousness, "where Asha Vahishta is identified at times with the household fire on the hearth." There, "identification in the realms of matter and of spirit serves only to bring more into prominence the main tenets of Zoroaster's teachings in regard to Asha" (Dhalla, 1938:170). A vestige of the ancient institution of ordeal by heat is nonetheless present in ''[[Vendidad]]'' 4.54–55, where speaking against the truth and violating the sanctity of promise is punishable by flogging and is detected by the consumption of "water, blazing, of golden color, having the power to detect guilt." The ''[[Zend]]'' translation/commentary on this passage translates "blazing" as "having brimstone and sulphur", and notes that innocence or guilt was established by the consumption of this "guilt-detecting liquid". Similarly, in the ''[[Denkard]]'', Adharbad Maraspand—the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] era high-priest to whom the collation of the [[Avesta]] texts is attributed—is purported to have nine measures of "unburning molten zinc" applied to his chest as proof of accuracy of the sacred texts.
Seen chronologically, the transition from ''atar'' as a vehicle of judgement to ''Atar [[Yazata]]'' the divinity presiding over blazing fire is abrupt. While the older Gathic Avestan texts have heat (and thus fire) associated with harsh judgement, the [[Younger Avestan]] texts have the divinity ''Atar'' completely representing and being represented by fire itself; and associated with warmth and light and essential for growth. ''Asha Vahishta''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s association with ''atar'' is however carried forward, and they are often mentioned together (''Yasna'' 62.3, ''Nyashes'' 5.9, etc.). So also in their roles as protectors, for "when the Evil Spirit assailed the creation of Good Truth, Good Thought and Fire intervened" (''[[Yasht]]'' 13.77).
It is in the later texts that ''Atar'' is personified as "the son" of Ahura Mazda (standard appellation, ''[[Yasna]]'' 25.7 et al.) and is addressed as "full of glory and full of healing remedies" (''Nyash'' 5.6). In ''Yasna'' 17.11, ''Atar'' is "master of the house", recalling the role of the hearth fire in the Gathas. The same passage enumerates the "five kinds of fire":
# ''atar berezi-savah'', "the highly beneficent ''atar''", qualified in ''Zend'' texts as "the fire that eats food but drinks no water", and the kind of fire that burns in an ''[[Atash Behram|Atash-Behram]]'', the highest grade of [[fire temple]].
# ''atar vohu-fryana'', "the ''atar'' of good affection", cognate with [[bhaga]] and [[Friendship|friend]]), later qualified as "the fire diffusing goodness", and "the fire that consumes both water and food".
# ''atar urvazishta'', "the ''atar'' of greatest bliss", later qualified as "the fire of happy life", and "the fire that drinks water but eats no food".
# ''atar vazishta'', "the ''atar'' most swift", later qualified as the fire in clouds, i.e. lightning, and as "the fire that neither drinks water nor eats food".
# ''atar spenishta'', "the ''atar'' most holy",<ref name="Boyce_AmeshaSpenta">{{citation|chapter = Aməša Spənta|last = Boyce|first = Mary|title = Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume = 1|year = 1983|location = New York|publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul|pages = 933–936}}.</ref> cognate Balto-Slavic ''[[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Slavic/svętъ|šventas]]'' "holy") ( described in "Zend" texts as "the fire of prosperity" and as the spiritual fire burning before [[Ahura Mazda|Ohrmuzd]].
The description of the fires in the Sassanid era commentaries (the ''Zend'' texts) differs slightly from those described in the ''[[Bundahishn]]'' ("Original Creation", completed in the 11th or 12th century). In the latter, the description of the first and last kind of fire is reversed.
== Adl（アラビア語） ==
