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[[File:Seal of Inanna, 2350-2150 BCE.jpeg|thumb|500px|両手に鎚矛を持ち、背中に翼の生えた天の女主人・イナンナ。<br />イナンナがライオンの背に足をかけ、その前にニンシュブルが立って敬意を表している様子を描いた古代アッカド語の円筒印章（紀元前2334年頃～2154年頃）<ref>Wolkstein, Kramer, 1983, pages92, 193</ref>]]
[[ファイル:Ishtar vase Louvre AO17000-detail.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|花瓶に描かれたイナンナ]]
[[File:Inanna receiving offerings on the Uruk Vase, circa 3200-3000 BCE.jpeg|thumb|350px300px|供物を受け取るイナンナ（ウルクの大杯）（前3200-前3000年頃）]]
'''イナンナ'''（シュメール語:𒀭𒈹、翻字] <sup>D</sup>INANNA、音声転写: Inanna）は、シュメール神話における[[金星]]、愛や美、戦い、豊穣の女神。別名[[イシュタル]]。ウルク文化期（紀元前4000年-紀元前3100年）からウルクの守護神として崇拝されていたことが知られている（[[エアンナ]]に祀られていた）。シンボルは[[藁|藁束]]と[[八芒星]]（もしくは十六芒星）。聖樹は[[アカシア]]、聖花は[[ギンバイカ]]、聖獣は[[ライオン]]。
イナンナ／イシュタルの最も有名な神話は、姉のエレシュキガルが支配する古代メソポタミアの冥界への降臨とそこからの帰還を描いた物語である。エレシュキガルの玉座に着いた彼女は、冥界の7人の審判によって有罪とされ、死に追いやられる。3日後、ニンシュブルはすべての神々にイナンナを連れ戻すように懇願する。エンキだけは、イナンナを救うために、性のない2人の人間を送り込んだ<ref group="私注">アッティスのように去勢したもの、あるいは異性の扮装をした者を連想させる。</ref>。彼らはイナンナを冥界から追い出すが、冥界の守護者であるガラは彼女の夫ドゥムジをイナンナの代わりとして冥界に引きずり下ろす。やがてドゥムジは1年の半分を天に帰ることを許され、姉妹のゲシュティアンナは残りの半分を冥界にとどまり、季節が循環することになる。
== 私的解説 ==
イナンナは冥界に下っているほか、冥界の食物を食したという神話もあるので、「[[養母としての女神]]」の性質が強いけれども「[[吊された女神]]」でもあり、複合的な女神と考える。純粋に「[[養母としての女神]]」といえるのはむしろ、イナンナの帰還に力を尽くしたニンシュブルのほうであろう。
→→「[https://bellis.sakura.ne.jp/top/?%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E4%BC%9D%E6%89%BF%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F___%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6 イナンナと鳥女房と戦う鳥女神について]」：こちらもご覧下さい。
== 呼称 ==
== 起源と発展 ==
[[File:Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur,_Iraq,_2500_BCE._British_Museum_(libation_detail).jpeg|thumb|350px300px|神殿の扉の両側にイナンナの輪柱があり、裸の信者が盃を捧げている<ref name = priestess>Meador, Betty De Shong (2000). ''[https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=B45PvLlj3ogC&pg=PA14&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna.]'' University of Texas Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-292-75242-9.</ref>。]]
[[File:Inanna_ring_posts_on_the_Warka_vase.jpeg|thumb|200px|女神イナンナの紋章、紀元前3000年頃<ref>Site officiel du musée du Louvre, http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=9643 , cartelfr.louvre.fr</ref>。ワルカの花瓶（Warka Vase）。]]
イナンナは、他のどの神よりも明確で矛盾した側面を持つため、古代シュメールの多くの研究者に問題を提起してきた<ref>Vanstiphout, 1984, pages225–228</ref>。彼女の起源については、大きく分けて2つの説がある<ref>Vanstiphout, 1984, page228</ref>。第一の説は、イナンナはシュメール神話に登場する、それまで全く関係のなかった複数の神々が、全く異なる領域を持つ神々と習合した結果生まれたとするものである<ref>Vanstiphout, 1984, page228</ref><ref>Brandão, 2019, p43</ref>。第二の説は、イナンナはもともとセム系の神で、シュメールのパンテオンが完全に構築された後に参入し、まだ他の神に割り当てられていないすべての役割を担ったとするものである<ref>Vanstiphout, 1984, pages228–229</ref>。
=== シンボル ===
[[File:Kudurru Melishipak Louvre Sb23 n02.jpeg|thumb|350px|八芒星はイナンナ/イシュタルの最も一般的なシンボルであった<ref>Black, Green, 1992, pp156, 169–170</ref><ref>Liungman, 2004, page228</ref>。ここでは、紀元前12世紀のメリ・シパクII世の境界石に、彼女の兄シャマシュ（シュメール語でウトゥ）の太陽ディスク、彼女の父シンの三日月（シュメール語でナンナ）とともに表示されている。]]
[[File:Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpeg|thumb|280px300px|バビロニアのエシュヌナから出土したイシュタルのテラコッタレリーフ（紀元前2千年初頭）]][[File:Winged_goddess-AO6501-IMG_0638-black.jpeg|thumb|280px300px|ラルサ出土の翼を持つイシュタルのレリーフ（紀元前2千年紀）]]
イナンナ/イシュタルの最も一般的なシンボルは八芒星であった<ref>Black, Green, 1992, pp156, 169–170</ref>が、正確な点の数は時々異なる<ref>Liungman, 2004, page228</ref>。また、六芒星も頻繁に登場するが、その象徴的な意味は不明である<ref>Black, Green, 1992, page170</ref><ref group="私注">アルコルか北極星ではないだろうか。</ref>。'''八芒星はもともと天と一般的な関連性を持っていた'''ようだが<ref>Black, Green, 1992, pages169–170</ref>、古バビロニア時代（前1830頃 - 前1531頃）には、特に金星と関連付けられるようになり、イシュタルはそれと同一視されるようになった<ref>Black, Green, 1992, pages169–170</ref>。この時期から、イシュタルの星は通常、円盤の中に収められるようになった<ref>Black, Green, 1992, page170</ref>。後のバビロニア時代には、イシュタルの神殿で働く奴隷に八芒星の印章が押されることもあったという<ref>Black, Green, 1992, page170</ref><ref>Nemet-Nejat, 1998, pages193–194</ref>。境界石や円筒印章には、シン（シュメール語でナンナ）の象徴である三日月やシャマシュ（シュメール語でウトゥ）の象徴である虹色の太陽円盤と一緒に八芒星が描かれることもある<ref>Liungman, 2004, page228</ref>。
''イナンナの冥界下り''<br />
|}
== 関連項目 ==
== 参考文献他 ==
* Wikipedia：[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A イナンナ]（最終閲覧日：22-12-08）
** 前田徹『メソポタミアの王・神・世界観－シュメール人の王権観－』山川出版社、2003年10月。ISBN 4-634-64900-4
** 矢島文夫『メソポタミアの神話』筑摩書房、1982年、7月。
** 岡田明子・小林登志子『シュメル神話の世界 -粘土板に刻まれた最古のロマン』〈中公新書 1977〉2008年12月。ISBN 978-4-12-101977-6
* Wikipedia：Inanna（最終閲覧日：23-01-02）
** Abdi Kamyar, Elamo-Hittitica I: An Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court, Dabir (Digital Archive of Brief Notes & Iran Review), https://www.academia.edu/31797493, issue3, 2017, Jordan Center for Persian Studies , Irvine, 2021-08-10
** Drewnowska-Rymarz Olga, Mesopotamian goddess Nanāja, Agade, Warszawa, 2008, isbn=978-83-87111-41-0, oclc:263460607
** Enheduanna. http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4072.htm, The Exaltation of Inanna (Inanna B): Translation, 2001, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
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Vol. 2 |chapter=, Ištar, “Goddess of War, Pacifier of Kings”: An Analysis of Ištar’s Martial Role in the Maledictory Sections of the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions |chapter-url=, https://www.academia.edu/4009945 |publisher=, Eisenbrauns |publication-place=Winona Lake |year=, 2010 |, isbn=:978-1-57506-168-9 |, oclc=:759160119}}{{refend}}
==Further reading参考文献２ =={{refbegin}}*{{cite book |first=Jeremy |last=Black |title=, The Literature of Ancient Sumer |url=, https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm_K2kjKp54C |year=, 2004 |publisher=, Oxford University Press |, isbn=:978-0-19-926311-0}}*{{cite web |year=2003 |title=, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature |publisher=, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford |url=, http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk}}*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Fulco |first=William J. |article=, Inanna |editor-link=, Mircea Eliade |editor-last=, Eliade |editor-first=Mircea |title=, The Encyclopedia of Religion |location=, New York |publisher=, Macmillan Group |year=, 1987 |volume=7 |pages=145–146}}, volume7, pages145–146*{{cite web |last=Halloran |first=John A. |title=, Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0 |date=, 2009 |url=, http://www.sumerian.org/sumerlex.htm }}*{{cite book |last=Maier |first=, John R. |title=, Gilgamesh and the Great Goddess of Uruk |publisher=, Suny Brockport eBooks |date=, 2018 |url=, https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/ |, isbn=:978-0-9976294-3-9}}{{refend}}
==External links外部リンク ==*[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/inanaitar/ Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Inana/Ištar (goddess)]*[https://www.washington.edu/news/2015/05/05/documents-that-changed-the-world-the-exaltation-of-inanna-2300-bce/ "Documents that Changed the World: The Exaltation of Inanna, 2300 BCE"], [[University of Washington]] News, 5 May 2015 == 私的解説 ==イナンナが時に裸体で描かれることは、「黄泉の国での姿」を暗示しているといえようか。（正常とは逆の姿、ということで） == 参考文献 ==* Wikipedia：[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A イナンナ]（最終閲覧日：22-12-08）** 前田徹『メソポタミアの王・神・世界観－シュメール人の王権観－』山川出版社、2003年10月。ISBN 4-634-64900-4** 矢島文夫『メソポタミアの神話』筑摩書房、1982年、7月。** 岡田明子・小林登志子『シュメル神話の世界 -粘土板に刻まれた最古のロマン』〈中公新書 1977〉2008年12月。ISBN 978-4-12-101977-6
== 関連項目 ==
[[Category:メソポタミア神話]]
[[Category:シュメール神話]]
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