15,602
回編集
差分
ナビゲーションに移動
検索に移動
→起源と祝祭
5月の行事としては、ローマ共和国時代に4月27日から5月3日まで行われた花の女神フローラの祭り「フローラリア（''Floralia''）」や、3年ごとに5月に行われるディオニュソスとアフロディーテを祝う祭り「マイウーマ（''Maiouma'' or ''Maiuma''）」が最も古いものとして知られている<ref>Pearse, R. [https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/ The festival of the Maiuma at Antioch]. July 2, 2012. Accessed 2009-Apr-09 at https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/</ref>。フロラリアは演劇で幕を開けた。オイディウスによれば、『フロラリア』では、祭りの一環として、'''ウサギ'''や'''ヤギ'''が放たれたという。ペルシウスは、群衆にソラマメ、豆、ルピナスが浴びせられたと書いている<ref group="私注">豆は邪気祓いの象徴ではないだろうか。</ref>。4月27日か5月3日に「フロリフェルトゥム（''Florifertum''）」と呼ばれる儀式が行われ<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 249.</ref><ref>Festus, 298 in the edition of Lindsay.</ref>、その際に麦穂の束を神殿に運び込んだが、この信仰の対象がフローラ（Flora）なのかケレース（Ceres）なのかは不明である<ref>P.Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 1912, München ; H.Le Bonniec, ''Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République'', 1958, Paris; Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig; P.Pouthier, ''Ops et la conception divine de l’abondance dans la religion romaine jusqu’à la mort d’Auguste'', BEFAR 242, 1981, Rome.</ref><ref>Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig.</ref>。フローラリアは、競争的なイベントや見世物、'''フローラへの生け贄'''で締めくくられた<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 110.</ref>。
マイウーマは少なくとも紀元2世紀には祝われており、1ヶ月間の祭りの費用がコモドゥス皇帝によって充当されたという記録が残っている<ref name=Antiochopedia/>。
Maiouma was celebrated at least as early as the 2nd century AD, when records show expenses for the month-long festival were appropriated by Emperor [[Commodus]].<ref name=Antiochopedia/> According to the 6th-century chronicles of [[John Malalas]], the Maiouma was a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries of [[Dionysus]] and [[Aphrodite]]" and that it was "known as the Maioumas because it is celebrated in the month of May-Artemisios". During this time, enough money was set aside by the government for torches, lights, and other expenses to cover a thirty-day festival of "all-night revels."<ref>Malalas, Chronicle 284-285</ref> The Maiouma was celebrated with splendorous banquets and offerings. Its reputation for licentiousness caused it to be suppressed during the reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], though a less debauched version of it was briefly restored during the reigns of [[Arcadius]] and [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], only to be suppressed again during the same period.<ref name="Antiochopedia">Christopher Ecclestone. 2009. [http://libaniusredux.blogspot.com/2009/07/festivals.html Festivals]. Antiochopedia = Musings Upon Ancient Antioch. Accessed 09-Apr-2019.</ref>
A later May festival celebrated in [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] countries, [[Walpurgis Night]], commemorates the official canonization of [[Saint Walpurga]] on 1 May 870.<ref name="Melton2011">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781598842050 |page=915 |language=en |quote=Her feast day commemorates both the movement of her relics to Eichstatt and her canonization, both of which occurred on May 1.}}</ref> In [[Gaels|Gaelic]] culture, the evening of April 30th was the celebration of [[Beltane]] (which translates to "lucky fire") as well as the similar Welsh [[Calan Mai]], and marks the start of the summer season. First attested in 900 AD, the celebration mainly focused on the symbolic use of fire to bless cattle and other livestock as they were moved to summer pastures. This custom continued into the early 19th century, during which time cattle would be made to jump over fires to protect their milk from being stolen by [[Fairy|fairies]]. People would also leap over the fires for luck.<ref name="hutton">Hutton, Ronald. ''The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain''. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 218–225</ref>
