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[[ファイル:PilierKomOmbo.jpg|thumb|350px|ハゲワシの姿のネクベト。]]
'''ネクベト'''（Nekhbet）はエジプト神話に登場する女神。
'''Nekhbet''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|k|ˌ|b|ɛ|t}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Nekhbet |encyclopedia=Dictionary.com |publisher=Random House }}</ref> also spelt Nekhebit) is an early [[predynastic]] local [[goddess]] in [[Egyptian mythology]], who was the patron of the city of [[Nekheb]] (her name meaning ''of Nekheb''). Ultimately, she became the patron of [[Upper Egypt]] and one of the two patron deities for all of [[Ancient Egypt]] when it was unified.<ref name="Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). ''The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt''. Thames & Hudson. pp. 213–214</ref>
==Mythology==
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}
One of Egypt's earliest [[Egyptian temple|temples]] was the shrine of Nekhbet at Nekheb (also referred to as El Kab). It was the companion city to [[Nekhen]], the religious and political capital of Upper Egypt, at the end of the [[Predynastic]] period (c. 3200–3100 BC) and probably, also during the [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic]] Period (c. 3100–2686 BC).<ref name="Wilkinson"/> The original settlement on the Nekhen site dates from [[Naqada]] I or the late [[Badarian]] cultures. At its height, from about 3400 BC, Nekhen had at least 5,000 and possibly as many as 10,000 inhabitants.
Nekhbet was the [[tutelary deity]] of Upper Egypt. Nekhbet and her [[Lower Egypt]]ian counterpart [[Wadjet]] often appeared together as the "[[Two Ladies]]". One of the [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary|titles]] of each ruler was the ''Nebty'' name, which began with the hieroglyphs for ''[s/he] of the Two Ladies...''.<ref name="Wilkinson"/>
In art, Nekhbet was depicted as a vulture. [[Alan Gardiner]] identified the species that was used in divine iconography as a [[griffon vulture]]. Arielle P. Kozloff, however, argues that the vultures in [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] art, with their blue-tipped beaks and loose skin, better resemble the [[lappet-faced vulture]].<ref>Bailleul-LeSuer, Rozenn (ed), ''Between Heaven and Earth: Birds in Ancient Egypt''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 61–62, 138</ref>
In New Kingdom times, the vulture appeared alongside the [[uraeus]] on the headdresses with which kings were buried. The uraeus and vulture are traditionally interpreted as Wadjet and Nekhbet, but Edna R. Russmann has suggested that in this context they represent [[Isis]] and [[Nephthys]], two major funerary goddesses, instead.<ref>Robins, Gay, Review of ''The Animal World of the Pharaohs'' and ''Choice Cuts: Meat Production in Ancient Egypt''. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', vol. 119, no. 1, (January–March 1999)</ref>
Nekhbet usually was depicted hovering, with her wings spread above the royal image, clutching a [[shen ring|shen symbol]] (representing eternal encircling protection), frequently in her claws.<ref name="Wilkinson"/>
== Further reading ==
* Hans Bonnet: ''Nechbet.'' In: ''Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte.'' Nikol, Hamburg 2000, {{ISBN|3-937872-08-6}}, S. 507f.
* [[Wolfgang Helck]], [[Eberhard Otto]]: ''Nechbet.'' In: ''Kleines Lexikon der Ägyptologie.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, {{ISBN|3-447-04027-0}}, S. 199.
* [[Alexandra von Lieven]]: ''Grundriss des Laufes der Sterne – Das sogenannte Nutbuch.'' The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Eastern Studies (u. a.), Kopenhagen 2007, {{ISBN|978-87-635-0406-5}}.
* Alexandra von Lieven: ''Der Himmel über Esna – Eine Fallstudie zur religiösen Astronomie in Ägypten am Beispiel der kosmologischen Decken- und Architravinschriften im Tempel von Esna.'' Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2000, {{ISBN|3-447-04324-5}}.
* [[Marcelle Werbrouck]], ''Fouilles de El Kab II.'' 1940, S. 46ff.
== 概要 ==
