15,516
回編集
差分
ナビゲーションに移動
検索に移動
ページの作成:「'''Ferālia''' {{IPAc-en|f|ᵻ|ˈ|r|eɪ|l|i|ə}} was an ancient Roman public festival<ref name=Dumezil>Dumézil, Georges. ''Archaic Roman Religion''.…」
'''Ferālia''' {{IPAc-en|f|ᵻ|ˈ|r|eɪ|l|i|ə}} was an ancient Roman public festival<ref name=Dumezil>[[Georges Dumézil|Dumézil, Georges]]. ''Archaic Roman Religion''. pg 366.</ref> celebrating the [[Manes]] (Roman spirits of the dead, particularly the souls of deceased individuals)<ref>''Brill's New Pauly''. "Di Manes."</ref> which fell on 21 February as recorded by [[Ovid]] in Book II of his ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]''.<ref name=Dumezil/> This day marked the end of [[Parentalia]], a nine-day festival (13–21 February) honoring the dead ancestors.<ref name=cult>''Brill's New Pauly''. "Dead, cult of the."</ref>
Roman citizens were instructed to bring offerings to the tombs of their dead ancestors which consisted of at least "an arrangement of wreaths, a sprinkling of grain and a bit of salt, bread soaked in wine and violets scattered about."<ref name=OvidII>[[Ovid]]. ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'', Book II.</ref> Additional offerings were permitted, however the dead were appeased with just the aforementioned.<ref name=OvidII/> These simple offerings to the dead were perhaps introduced to [[Latium]] by [[Aeneas]], who poured wine and scattered violet flowers on his father [[Anchises]]' tomb.<ref name=L922>Littlewood. ''Latomus'', pg. 922</ref> Ovid tells of a time when [[Roman citizenship|Romans]], in the midst of war, neglected Feralia, which prompted the spirits of the departed to rise from their graves in anger, howling and roaming the streets.<ref name=OvidII/> After this event, tribute to the tombs were then made and the ghastly hauntings ceased. To indicate public mourning, marriages of any kind were prohibited on the Feralia, and Ovid urged mothers, brides, and widows to refrain from lighting their wedding torches. Magistrates stopped wearing their insignia<ref name=Dumezil/><ref name=Parentalia>''Brill's New Pauly''. "Parentalia."</ref> and any worship of the gods was prohibited as it "should be hidden behind closed temple doors; no incense on the altar, no fire on the hearth."<ref name=OvidII/>
==Rites and tradition==
As concerns public rites nothing of them survives,<ref name=Dumezil367>Dumézil. ''Archaic Roman Religion.'' pg. 367</ref> however on this day as described by Ovid, an old drunken woman (''anus ebria'')<ref>Cokayne. ''Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome.'' pg. 145 (from google books. see References).</ref> sits in a circle with other girls performing rites in the name of the mute [[goddess]] [[Dea Tacita|Tacita]]<ref name=OvidII/> who is identified with the nymph Lara or [[Larunda]].<ref>''Brill's New Pauly.'' "Tacita."</ref> The ritual consists of the old woman placing three bits of incense, with three of her fingers, beneath a threshold where a mouse is unknowingly buried. She then rolls seven black beans in her mouth, and smears the head of a fish with pitch, impaling it with a bronze needle, and roasting it in a fire. After she formally declaims the purpose of her actions, as customary in Greco-Roman magic ritual,<ref name=L922/> saying, "I have gagged spiteful tongues and muzzled unfriendly mouths" (''Hostiles linguas inimicaque uinximus ora''),<ref name=L922/> she departs intoxicated.<ref name=OvidII/> The use of the black beans in the old woman's ritual may be related to rites that lend themselves to another festival of the dead in the month of May, called [[Lemuria (festival)|Lemuria]].<ref name=Dumezil367/><ref name=OvidV>Ovid. ''Fasti'', Book V.</ref> During Lemuria the dead ancestor spirits, particularly the unburied, called [[lemures]], emerge from their graves and visit the homes in which they had lived. It was then necessary to confront the unwelcome spirits and lure them out of one's house using specific actions and chants.<ref name=Dumezil367/> According to [[Ovid]], this includes the involvement of black beans to lure a spirit out of the home. "And after washing his (the householder) hands clean in spring water, he turns, and first he receives black beans and throws them away with face averted; but while he throws them, he says: 'These I cast; with these beans I redeem me and mine.' This he says nine times, without looking back: the shade is thought to gather the beans, and to follow unseen behind. Again he touches water, and clashes Temesan bronze, and asks the shade to go out of his house. When he has said nine times, 'Ghosts of my fathers, go forth!' he looks back, and thinks that he has duly performed the sacred rites."<ref name=OvidV/> Perhaps the black beans carried with them connotations of warding away or dispelling bad things in general, whether it be unwelcome spirits haunting a household as seen during Lemuria, or preventing undesired gossip towards an individual as in the old hag's [[ritual]] during Feralia. Also, in the context of sacrifices, the black beans are similar to the black animals used in sacrifice to the 'chthonic deities'.<ref name=cult/>
It is implied through Ovid's choice of words, ''"hostiles linguas"'' and ''"inimicaque ora"'', that the ritual is intended to curb gossip about a girl's reputation.<ref name=L922/> Gossip of such a nature and its consequences are the subject for the cause, which Ovid offers, of the Dea Tacita festival, which was held on the same day as the Feralia.<ref name=L922/> Ovid then tells a story to explain the origins of Dea Tacitia, starting with [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]'s untamed lust for the [[nymph]] [[Juturna]]. Juturna, aware of Jupiter's lust for her, hid within the Hazelwood forest and dove into her sisters' waters. Jupiter then gathered all the nymphs in [[Latium]] seeking their help in capturing Juturna, saying, "Your sister is spiting herself by shunning her own advantage, an entanglement with the highest god. Look out for us both. What will be a great pleasure for me will be in your sister's great interest. Block her as she flees at the bank of the river to keep her from jumping into its waters."<ref name=OvidII/> One of the informed nymphs, [[Larunda|Lara]], would not hold her tongue and warned Juturna to flee. In addition, she approached Jupiter's wife [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], saying, "Your husband loves the [[Naiad]] Juturna."<ref name=OvidII/> As a result, Jupiter rips out Lara's tongue in anger and summons [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] to escort her to be a nymph in the [[Underworld]]. During this mission, Mercury becomes lustful of Lara and copulates with her, begetting twins. These twins become the [[Lares]], the guardians of intersections who watch over the city of [[Rome]].<ref name=OvidII/>
==See also==
*[[Lemuria (festival)]]
*[[Parentalia]]
Similar observances in other cultures:
*[[All Souls' Day|All Souls’ Day]]
*[[Bon Festival|Bon]] (Japanese Buddhism)
*[[Day of the Dead]] (Mexican)
*[[Ghost Festival|Hungry Ghost Festival]] (Chinese)
*[[Qingming Festival|Qingming]] (Chinese)
==References==
*Antoni, Silke (Kiel). "Tacita." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e1128340 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Tacita" article]
*Baudy, Gerhard (Konstanz). "Parentalia." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e908140 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Parentalia" article]
*Cokayne, Karen. Pg 145. ''Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome.'' Routledge, 2003. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_wG5LjHJAC&lpg=PA145&ots=tLBws8uBY9&dq=Cokayne%20anus%20ebria&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=&f=false found here at Google Books]
*Dumézil, Georges. ''Archaic Roman Religion.'' Vol 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966. 2 vols.
*Littlewood, J. R. "Ovid among the Family Dead: the Roman Founder Legend and Augustan Iconography in Void's Feralia and Lemuria." Latomus. 60 (2003): 916-935.
*Ovid. ''Ovid's Fasti.'' Trans. Betty Rose Nagle. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
*Prescendi, Francesca (Genf). "Manes, Di." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e720560 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Di Manes" article]
*S.LU.; von Lieven, Alexandra (Berlin); Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen); Johnston, Sarah Iles (Princeton); Doubordieu, Annie (Paris); Jastrzebowska, Elisabeth. "Dead, cult of the." Brill's New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e1217740 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "The cult of the dead" article]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:ふえらりあ}}
[[Category:ローマ神話]]
[[Category:祭祀]]
Roman citizens were instructed to bring offerings to the tombs of their dead ancestors which consisted of at least "an arrangement of wreaths, a sprinkling of grain and a bit of salt, bread soaked in wine and violets scattered about."<ref name=OvidII>[[Ovid]]. ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'', Book II.</ref> Additional offerings were permitted, however the dead were appeased with just the aforementioned.<ref name=OvidII/> These simple offerings to the dead were perhaps introduced to [[Latium]] by [[Aeneas]], who poured wine and scattered violet flowers on his father [[Anchises]]' tomb.<ref name=L922>Littlewood. ''Latomus'', pg. 922</ref> Ovid tells of a time when [[Roman citizenship|Romans]], in the midst of war, neglected Feralia, which prompted the spirits of the departed to rise from their graves in anger, howling and roaming the streets.<ref name=OvidII/> After this event, tribute to the tombs were then made and the ghastly hauntings ceased. To indicate public mourning, marriages of any kind were prohibited on the Feralia, and Ovid urged mothers, brides, and widows to refrain from lighting their wedding torches. Magistrates stopped wearing their insignia<ref name=Dumezil/><ref name=Parentalia>''Brill's New Pauly''. "Parentalia."</ref> and any worship of the gods was prohibited as it "should be hidden behind closed temple doors; no incense on the altar, no fire on the hearth."<ref name=OvidII/>
==Rites and tradition==
As concerns public rites nothing of them survives,<ref name=Dumezil367>Dumézil. ''Archaic Roman Religion.'' pg. 367</ref> however on this day as described by Ovid, an old drunken woman (''anus ebria'')<ref>Cokayne. ''Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome.'' pg. 145 (from google books. see References).</ref> sits in a circle with other girls performing rites in the name of the mute [[goddess]] [[Dea Tacita|Tacita]]<ref name=OvidII/> who is identified with the nymph Lara or [[Larunda]].<ref>''Brill's New Pauly.'' "Tacita."</ref> The ritual consists of the old woman placing three bits of incense, with three of her fingers, beneath a threshold where a mouse is unknowingly buried. She then rolls seven black beans in her mouth, and smears the head of a fish with pitch, impaling it with a bronze needle, and roasting it in a fire. After she formally declaims the purpose of her actions, as customary in Greco-Roman magic ritual,<ref name=L922/> saying, "I have gagged spiteful tongues and muzzled unfriendly mouths" (''Hostiles linguas inimicaque uinximus ora''),<ref name=L922/> she departs intoxicated.<ref name=OvidII/> The use of the black beans in the old woman's ritual may be related to rites that lend themselves to another festival of the dead in the month of May, called [[Lemuria (festival)|Lemuria]].<ref name=Dumezil367/><ref name=OvidV>Ovid. ''Fasti'', Book V.</ref> During Lemuria the dead ancestor spirits, particularly the unburied, called [[lemures]], emerge from their graves and visit the homes in which they had lived. It was then necessary to confront the unwelcome spirits and lure them out of one's house using specific actions and chants.<ref name=Dumezil367/> According to [[Ovid]], this includes the involvement of black beans to lure a spirit out of the home. "And after washing his (the householder) hands clean in spring water, he turns, and first he receives black beans and throws them away with face averted; but while he throws them, he says: 'These I cast; with these beans I redeem me and mine.' This he says nine times, without looking back: the shade is thought to gather the beans, and to follow unseen behind. Again he touches water, and clashes Temesan bronze, and asks the shade to go out of his house. When he has said nine times, 'Ghosts of my fathers, go forth!' he looks back, and thinks that he has duly performed the sacred rites."<ref name=OvidV/> Perhaps the black beans carried with them connotations of warding away or dispelling bad things in general, whether it be unwelcome spirits haunting a household as seen during Lemuria, or preventing undesired gossip towards an individual as in the old hag's [[ritual]] during Feralia. Also, in the context of sacrifices, the black beans are similar to the black animals used in sacrifice to the 'chthonic deities'.<ref name=cult/>
It is implied through Ovid's choice of words, ''"hostiles linguas"'' and ''"inimicaque ora"'', that the ritual is intended to curb gossip about a girl's reputation.<ref name=L922/> Gossip of such a nature and its consequences are the subject for the cause, which Ovid offers, of the Dea Tacita festival, which was held on the same day as the Feralia.<ref name=L922/> Ovid then tells a story to explain the origins of Dea Tacitia, starting with [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]'s untamed lust for the [[nymph]] [[Juturna]]. Juturna, aware of Jupiter's lust for her, hid within the Hazelwood forest and dove into her sisters' waters. Jupiter then gathered all the nymphs in [[Latium]] seeking their help in capturing Juturna, saying, "Your sister is spiting herself by shunning her own advantage, an entanglement with the highest god. Look out for us both. What will be a great pleasure for me will be in your sister's great interest. Block her as she flees at the bank of the river to keep her from jumping into its waters."<ref name=OvidII/> One of the informed nymphs, [[Larunda|Lara]], would not hold her tongue and warned Juturna to flee. In addition, she approached Jupiter's wife [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], saying, "Your husband loves the [[Naiad]] Juturna."<ref name=OvidII/> As a result, Jupiter rips out Lara's tongue in anger and summons [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] to escort her to be a nymph in the [[Underworld]]. During this mission, Mercury becomes lustful of Lara and copulates with her, begetting twins. These twins become the [[Lares]], the guardians of intersections who watch over the city of [[Rome]].<ref name=OvidII/>
==See also==
*[[Lemuria (festival)]]
*[[Parentalia]]
Similar observances in other cultures:
*[[All Souls' Day|All Souls’ Day]]
*[[Bon Festival|Bon]] (Japanese Buddhism)
*[[Day of the Dead]] (Mexican)
*[[Ghost Festival|Hungry Ghost Festival]] (Chinese)
*[[Qingming Festival|Qingming]] (Chinese)
==References==
*Antoni, Silke (Kiel). "Tacita." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e1128340 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Tacita" article]
*Baudy, Gerhard (Konstanz). "Parentalia." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e908140 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Parentalia" article]
*Cokayne, Karen. Pg 145. ''Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome.'' Routledge, 2003. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_wG5LjHJAC&lpg=PA145&ots=tLBws8uBY9&dq=Cokayne%20anus%20ebria&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=&f=false found here at Google Books]
*Dumézil, Georges. ''Archaic Roman Religion.'' Vol 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966. 2 vols.
*Littlewood, J. R. "Ovid among the Family Dead: the Roman Founder Legend and Augustan Iconography in Void's Feralia and Lemuria." Latomus. 60 (2003): 916-935.
*Ovid. ''Ovid's Fasti.'' Trans. Betty Rose Nagle. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
*Prescendi, Francesca (Genf). "Manes, Di." ''Brill's New Pauly.'' Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e720560 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "Di Manes" article]
*S.LU.; von Lieven, Alexandra (Berlin); Prayon, Friedhelm (Tübingen); Johnston, Sarah Iles (Princeton); Doubordieu, Annie (Paris); Jastrzebowska, Elisabeth. "Dead, cult of the." Brill's New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. University of California UC Santa Barbara CDL. 31 July 2009 [http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e1217740 ''Brill's New Pauly'' "The cult of the dead" article]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:ふえらりあ}}
[[Category:ローマ神話]]
[[Category:祭祀]]
