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ページの作成:「The '''roc''' is an enormous legendary bird of prey in the popular mythology of the Middle East. The roc appears in Arab geographies and natural history, popula…」
The '''roc''' is an enormous legendary [[bird of prey]] in the popular mythology of the [[Middle East]].
The roc appears in Arab geographies and natural history, popularized in Arabian fairy tales and sailors' folklore. [[Ibn Battuta]]<!-- (iv. 305ff) --> tells of a mountain hovering in the air over the China Seas, which was the roc.<ref>Noted in Yule-Cordier, ''Cathay and the Way Thither'' IV (1916:146), noted by Wittkower 1938.</ref> The story collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' includes tales of [[Abd al-Rahman]] and [[Sinbad the Sailor]], both of which include the roc.
==Etymology==
The English form ''roc'' originates via [[Antoine Galland]]'s French from [[Arabic]] ''ruḵḵ'' ({{lang-ar|الرُخّ|ar-ruḫḫ}}) and that from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''ruḵ'' ({{IPA-prs|/rux/}}).<ref name="TNSOED-roc">'''roc''' /[phonetic transcription]/ n. Also (earlier) '''✝roche''', '''✝rock''', '''✝ruc(k)''', '''✝rukh'''. L16 [Sp. ''rocho'', ''ruc'' f. Arab. ''ruḵḵ'', f. Pers. ''ruḵ''.] A mythical bird of Eastern legend, imagined as being of enormous size and strength (''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, Volume 2 N-Z, 1993 edition, page 2614)</ref> In both languages, Arabic and Persian, the word is written in the [[Arabic script]] as '''رخ'''. Common [[Romanization of Arabic|romanizations]] are ''ruḵḵ'' for the Arabic form<ref name="TNSOED-roc" /> and ''ruḵ'',<ref name="TNSOED-roc" /> ''rokh'' or ''rukh'' for the Persian form. Despite the similarities and sometimes claims to the contrary, the word is not related to the English word ''[[Rook (bird)|rook]]''.
==Eastern origins==
[[File:Rocweb.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Illustration by [[René Bull]]]]
According to art historian [[Rudolf Wittkower]], the idea of the roc had its origins in the story of the fight between the Indian solar bird [[Garuda]]<ref>Wittkower noted the identification of the roc and Garuda made in Kalipadra Mitra, "The bird and serpent myth", ''The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society'' (Bangalore) '''16''' 1925–26:189.</ref> and the [[chthonic]] serpent [[Nāga]]. The [[mytheme]] of Garuda carrying off an elephant that was battling a crocodile appears in two Sanskrit epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (I.1353) and the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (III.39).
[[File:Sinbad the Sailor (5th Voyage).jpg|thumb|The merchants break the roc's egg, ''Le Magasin pitoresque'', Paris, 1865]]
== Western expansion ==
[[File:Earth after the Fall of Man.jpg|thumb|1690 painting by Franz Rösel von Rosenhof showing two roc-like birds carrying a deer and an elephant; a third grasps a lion.]]
Rabbi [[Benjamin of Tudela]] reported a story reminiscent of the roc in which shipwrecked sailors escaped from a desert island by wrapping themselves in ox-hides and letting [[griffin]]s carry them off as if they were cattle.<ref>M. Komroff, ''Contemporaries of Marco Polo'' 1928:311f.</ref>
In the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] (as quoted in [[David Attenborough|Attenborough]] (1961: 32)) stated <blockquote>It was for all the world like an eagle, but one indeed of enormous size; so big in fact that its quills were twelve paces long and thick in proportion. And it is so strong that it will seize an elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air and drop him so that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him, the bird swoops down on him and eats him at leisure.</blockquote>
Polo claimed that the roc flew to [[Madagascar]] "from the southern regions", and that the [[Great Khan]] sent messengers to the island who returned with a feather (likely a ''[[Raffia palm|Raphia]]'' frond).<ref name="ley196608">{{Cite magazine
|last=Ley
|first=Willy
|date=August 1966
|title=Scherazade's Island
|department=For Your Information
|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v24n06_1966-08#page/n45/mode/2up
|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
|pages=45–55
}}</ref> He explicitly distinguishes the bird from a griffin.
In ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' the roc appears on a tropical island during [[Sinbad]]'s second voyage. Because of Polo's account, others identified the island as Madagascar, which became the location for stories about other giant birds.{{r|ley196608}} Doubtless, it was Polo's description that inspired [[Antonio Pigafetta]], one of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s companions, who wrote or had ghost-written an embroidered account of the circumglobal voyage: in Pigafetta's account<ref>Or the Italian version in [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Ramusio's]] ''Delle navigationi et viaggi'', mentioned in [[Rudolf Wittkower]], "'Roc': An Eastern Prodigy in a Dutch Engraving" ''Journal of the Warburg Institute'' '''1'''.3 (January 1938:255–257) p 255</ref> the home grounds of the roc were the seas of [[China]]. Such descriptions captured the imaginations of later illustrators, such as [[Stradanus]] {{circa}} 1590<ref>An engraving after Stradanus is reproduced in Wittkower 1938:fig 33c.</ref> or [[Theodor de Bry]] in 1594 who showed an elephant being carried off in the roc's talons,<ref>De Bry's engraving is reproduced in Attenborough (1961: 35)</ref> or showed the roc destroying entire ships in revenge for destruction of its giant egg, as recounted in the fifth voyage of [[Sinbad the Sailor#The Fifth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor|Sinbad the Sailor]]. [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]'s ''Ornithologia'' (1599) included a woodcut of a roc with a somewhat pig-like elephant in its talons,<ref>Illustrated in Wittkower 1938:33, fig. b.</ref> but in the rational world of the 17th century, the roc was regarded more critically.
==Rationalized accounts==
The scientific culture of the 19th century introduced some "scientific" rationalizations for the myth's origins, by suggesting that the origin of the [[Mythology|myth]] of the roc may lie in embellishments of the often-witnessed power of the eagle that could carry away a newborn lamb. In 1863, [[Giovanni Giuseppe Bianconi|Bianconi]] suggested the roc was a [[Bird of prey|raptor]] (Hawkins and Goodman, 2003: 1031). Recently a giant [[subfossil]] eagle, the [[Malagasy crowned eagle]], identified from [[Madagascar]] was actually implicated as a top bird [[predator]] of the island, whose [[megafauna]] once included giant [[lemur]]s and [[Malagasy hippopotamus|pygmy hippopotamuses]].<ref>Goodman, 1994</ref>
[[File:Aepyornis eggs.jpg|thumb|left|''Aepyornis'' eggs, [[Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle]], Paris]]
Another possible origin of the myth is accounts of eggs of another extinct Malagasy bird, the enormous ''[[Aepyornis]]'' [[elephant bird]], hunted to extinction by the 16th century, that was three meters tall and [[flightless bird|flightless]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Eighth Continent | url=https://archive.org/details/eighthcontinent00pete | url-access=registration | author=Tyson, Peter | year=2000 | location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/eighthcontinent00pete/page/138 138–139]}}</ref> There were reported elephant bird sightings at least in folklore memory as [[Étienne de Flacourt]] wrote in 1658.{{r|ley196608}} Its egg, live or [[Subfossil|subfossilised]], was known as early as 1420, when sailors to the Cape of Good Hope found eggs of the roc, according to a caption in the 1456 [[Fra Mauro map]] of the world, which says that the roc "carries away an elephant or any other great animal".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science and Civilisation in China|last=Needham|first=Joseph|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1971|isbn=9780521070607|pages=501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Life of Prince Henry of Portugal Surnamed the Navigator, and Its Results, Comprising the Discovery, Within One Century, of Half the World ... from Authentic Contemporary Documents|last=Major|first=Richard Henry|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de Austria – Asher (Editor)|year=1868|pages=311}}</ref> Between 1830 and 1840 European travelers in Madagascar saw giant eggs and egg shells. English observers were more willing to believe their accounts because they knew of the [[moa]] in New Zealand. In 1851 the [[French Academy of Sciences]] received three eggs. They and later fossils seemingly confirmed to 19th-century Europeans that ''Aepyornis'' was the roc, but the real bird does not resemble an eagle as the roc is said to.{{r|ley196608}}
[[File:Print, Ferdinandes Magalanes Lusitanus, plate 4 from "Americae Retectio", 1580s (CH 18382163).jpg|thumb|290px|''Elephant Carried Away by a Roc'' after design by [[Stradanus]], 1590]]
Another rationalizing theory is that the existence of rocs was postulated from the sight of the African [[ostrich]], which, because of its flightlessness and unusual appearance, was mistaken for the chick of a presumably much larger species. There is, however, a claim that ostriches were known to Europeans in [[Biblical times]] due to a translation of the Old Testament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblestudytools.com/job/passage/?q=job+39:13-18|title=Job 39:13-18 - "The wings of the ostrich flap joyfully, though...NIV|website=Bible Study Tools}}</ref>{{vn|date=September 2016}} On the other hand, a medieval Northern European or Indian traveller, if confronted with tales about ostriches, might very well not have recognized them for what they were (compare [[History of elephants in Europe]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
In addition to Polo's account of the ''rukh'' in 1298, Chou Ch'ű-fei (周去非, Zhōu Qùfēi), in his 1178 book ''[[Lingwai Daida]]'', told of a large island off Africa with birds large enough to use their quills as water reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In Search of the Red Slave|last=Pearson & Godden|year=2002|isbn=0750929383|pages=121}}</ref> Fronds of the [[raffia palm]] may have been brought to [[Kublai Khan]] under the guise of roc's feathers.<ref>[[Sir Henry Yule|Yule]]'s ''[[Marco Polo]]'', bk. iii. ch. 33, and ''Academy'', 1884, No. 620.</ref><ref>Attenborough, D. (1961). ''Zoo Quest to Madagascar''. Lutterworth Press, London. p.32-33.</ref>
Some recent scholars{{Who|date=September 2017}} have compared the legendary roc with the [[Haast's eagle]], of [[New Zealand]]. {{convert|1.4|m|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|3|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} wingspan, it became extinct around the 15th century, but probably inspired the [[Māori mythology|Māori legend]] of ''Te Hokioi'' or ''[[Hakawai (mythology)|Te Hakawai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzbirds.com/birds/haasteagle.html|title=New Zealand Birds|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref> This was said to be a colorful huge bird which (in some versions of the legend) had occasionally descended to Earth to carry off humans to eat, but generally lived in the clouds unseen. Only its cry, after which it was named, could be heard. Indeed, the ''hokioi'' seems to be a composite mythical beast inspired by actual animals, just like the roc appears to have been. In the 1980s, it was found<ref>Miskelly (1987), Galbreath & Miskelly (1988)</ref> that male ''[[Coenocorypha]]'' snipes, tiny [[nocturnal]] [[wader]]s, produce an unexpectedly loud [[Drumming (snipe)|roaring sound]] with their tails during mating flights. The supposed coloration of the ''hokioi'' is not matched by any known bird, and generally would be extremely unusual for a bird of prey. Thus, as it seems likely that the ''hokioi'' was the eerie "drumming" of the snipes, explained with the ancestor's tales about the giant eagles which they still knew from living memory.
==Religious tradition==
===Michael Drayton===
Through the 16th century the existence of the roc could be accepted by Europeans. In 1604, [[Michael Drayton]] envisaged the rocs being taken aboard [[Noah's Ark|the Ark]]:
<blockquote><poem>All feathered things yet ever knowne to men,
From the huge Rucke, unto the little Wren;
From Forrest, Fields, from Rivers and from Pons,
All that have webs, or cloven-footed ones;
To the Grand Arke, together friendly came,
Whose severall species were too long to name.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The works of Michael Drayton|last=Drayton|first=Michael|publisher=Blackwell|year=1961|volume=3|location=Oxford|pages=338}}</ref></poem></blockquote>
===Ethiopian===
The rukh is also identified in the Ethiopian holy book ''[[Kebra Negast]]'' as the agent responsible for delivering the blessed piece of wood to [[Solomon]] which enabled the great king to complete [[Solomon's Temple]]. This piece of wood also is said to have transformed the [[Queen of Sheba]]'s foot from that of a goat to that of a human. The piece of wood that the rukh brought was therefore given an honored place in the Temple and decorated with silver rings. According to tradition, these silver rings were given to [[Judas Iscariot]] as payment for betraying [[Jesus]]; the piece of wood became Jesus's cross.
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Eagle (Middle-earth)]], the giant birds of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s tales
* [[List of fictional birds of prey]]
* [[Mount Qaf]], the only place in this world where the roc will land<ref name="Qaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.mythologydictionary.com/mount-qaf-mythology.html|title=Mount Qaf – Mythology Dictionary}}</ref>
* [[Roc (Dungeons & Dragons)|Roc (''Dungeons & Dragons'')]]
* [[Shahrokh (mythical bird)|Shahrokh]]
* [[Sinbad the Sailor]]
* [[Scaled Composites Stratolaunch]], currently the largest airplane by wingspan, which carries the nickname ''Roc''
==References==
:For a collection of [[legend]]s about the roc, see [[Edward William Lane|Edward Lane]]'s ''Arabian Nights'', chap; xx. notes 22, 62
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Samuel Bochart|Bochart, Samuel]], ''Hierozoicon'', vi.14
* [[Damfri]], I. 414, ii. 177 seq.
* {{aut|[[Etienne de Flacourt|Flacourt, E. de]]}} (1658). ''Histoire de la grande île de Madagascar''. Paris. New edition 2007, with Allibert C. notes and presentation, Paris, Karthala ed. 712 pages
* {{aut|Goodman, Steven M.}} (1994). "Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: ''Stephanoaetus'' (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Amphasambazimba," ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', '''107''': 421–428.
* {{aut|Galbreath, Ross & Miskelly, Colin M.}} (1988): The Hakawai. ''Notornis'' '''35'''(3): 215–216. [http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_35-1988/Notornis_35_3.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Miskelly, Colin M.}} (1987): The identity of the hakawai. ''[[Notornis]]'' '''34'''(2): 95–116. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_34-1987/Notornis_34_2.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Hawkins, A.F.A. & Goodman, S.M.}} (2003) ''in'' {{aut|Goodman, S.M. & Benstead, J.P. (eds.)}}: ''The Natural History of Madagascar'': 1019–1044. University of Chicago Press.
* [[Ibn Batuta]], iv. 305ff
* [[Kazwini]], i. ~I9 seq.
* {{aut|Pearson, Mike Parker & Godden, K.}} (2002). ''In search of the Red Slave: Shipwreck and Captivity in Madagascar''. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
* [[Friedrich Spiegel|Spiegel, Friedrich]], ''Eranische Alterthumskunde'', ii. 118.
* Yule, Heny{{Verify source|date=August 2010}} as above. <!-- probably "Yule's Marco Polo, bk. iii. ch. 33" -->
*Allibert C., Le monde austronésien et la civilisation du bambou: une plume qui pèse lourd: l'oiseau Rokh des auteurs arabes, in Taloha 11, Antananarivo, Institut de Civilisations, Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, 1992: 167–181
==Further reading==
* Al-Rawi, Ahmed. "A Linguistic and Literary Examination of the Rukh Bird in Arab Culture." Al-'Arabiyya 50 (2017): 105–17. www.jstor.org/stable/26451398.
==External links==
*[http://home.comcast.net/~chris.s/rukh.html Sir Richard F. Burton's notes on the Rukh]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:ろつくちよう}}
[[Category:中東 ]]
[[Category:霊鳥]]
[[Category:巨大鳥]]
The roc appears in Arab geographies and natural history, popularized in Arabian fairy tales and sailors' folklore. [[Ibn Battuta]]<!-- (iv. 305ff) --> tells of a mountain hovering in the air over the China Seas, which was the roc.<ref>Noted in Yule-Cordier, ''Cathay and the Way Thither'' IV (1916:146), noted by Wittkower 1938.</ref> The story collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' includes tales of [[Abd al-Rahman]] and [[Sinbad the Sailor]], both of which include the roc.
==Etymology==
The English form ''roc'' originates via [[Antoine Galland]]'s French from [[Arabic]] ''ruḵḵ'' ({{lang-ar|الرُخّ|ar-ruḫḫ}}) and that from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''ruḵ'' ({{IPA-prs|/rux/}}).<ref name="TNSOED-roc">'''roc''' /[phonetic transcription]/ n. Also (earlier) '''✝roche''', '''✝rock''', '''✝ruc(k)''', '''✝rukh'''. L16 [Sp. ''rocho'', ''ruc'' f. Arab. ''ruḵḵ'', f. Pers. ''ruḵ''.] A mythical bird of Eastern legend, imagined as being of enormous size and strength (''The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, Volume 2 N-Z, 1993 edition, page 2614)</ref> In both languages, Arabic and Persian, the word is written in the [[Arabic script]] as '''رخ'''. Common [[Romanization of Arabic|romanizations]] are ''ruḵḵ'' for the Arabic form<ref name="TNSOED-roc" /> and ''ruḵ'',<ref name="TNSOED-roc" /> ''rokh'' or ''rukh'' for the Persian form. Despite the similarities and sometimes claims to the contrary, the word is not related to the English word ''[[Rook (bird)|rook]]''.
==Eastern origins==
[[File:Rocweb.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Illustration by [[René Bull]]]]
According to art historian [[Rudolf Wittkower]], the idea of the roc had its origins in the story of the fight between the Indian solar bird [[Garuda]]<ref>Wittkower noted the identification of the roc and Garuda made in Kalipadra Mitra, "The bird and serpent myth", ''The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society'' (Bangalore) '''16''' 1925–26:189.</ref> and the [[chthonic]] serpent [[Nāga]]. The [[mytheme]] of Garuda carrying off an elephant that was battling a crocodile appears in two Sanskrit epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (I.1353) and the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (III.39).
[[File:Sinbad the Sailor (5th Voyage).jpg|thumb|The merchants break the roc's egg, ''Le Magasin pitoresque'', Paris, 1865]]
== Western expansion ==
[[File:Earth after the Fall of Man.jpg|thumb|1690 painting by Franz Rösel von Rosenhof showing two roc-like birds carrying a deer and an elephant; a third grasps a lion.]]
Rabbi [[Benjamin of Tudela]] reported a story reminiscent of the roc in which shipwrecked sailors escaped from a desert island by wrapping themselves in ox-hides and letting [[griffin]]s carry them off as if they were cattle.<ref>M. Komroff, ''Contemporaries of Marco Polo'' 1928:311f.</ref>
In the 13th century, [[Marco Polo]] (as quoted in [[David Attenborough|Attenborough]] (1961: 32)) stated <blockquote>It was for all the world like an eagle, but one indeed of enormous size; so big in fact that its quills were twelve paces long and thick in proportion. And it is so strong that it will seize an elephant in its talons and carry him high into the air and drop him so that he is smashed to pieces; having so killed him, the bird swoops down on him and eats him at leisure.</blockquote>
Polo claimed that the roc flew to [[Madagascar]] "from the southern regions", and that the [[Great Khan]] sent messengers to the island who returned with a feather (likely a ''[[Raffia palm|Raphia]]'' frond).<ref name="ley196608">{{Cite magazine
|last=Ley
|first=Willy
|date=August 1966
|title=Scherazade's Island
|department=For Your Information
|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v24n06_1966-08#page/n45/mode/2up
|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
|pages=45–55
}}</ref> He explicitly distinguishes the bird from a griffin.
In ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' the roc appears on a tropical island during [[Sinbad]]'s second voyage. Because of Polo's account, others identified the island as Madagascar, which became the location for stories about other giant birds.{{r|ley196608}} Doubtless, it was Polo's description that inspired [[Antonio Pigafetta]], one of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s companions, who wrote or had ghost-written an embroidered account of the circumglobal voyage: in Pigafetta's account<ref>Or the Italian version in [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Ramusio's]] ''Delle navigationi et viaggi'', mentioned in [[Rudolf Wittkower]], "'Roc': An Eastern Prodigy in a Dutch Engraving" ''Journal of the Warburg Institute'' '''1'''.3 (January 1938:255–257) p 255</ref> the home grounds of the roc were the seas of [[China]]. Such descriptions captured the imaginations of later illustrators, such as [[Stradanus]] {{circa}} 1590<ref>An engraving after Stradanus is reproduced in Wittkower 1938:fig 33c.</ref> or [[Theodor de Bry]] in 1594 who showed an elephant being carried off in the roc's talons,<ref>De Bry's engraving is reproduced in Attenborough (1961: 35)</ref> or showed the roc destroying entire ships in revenge for destruction of its giant egg, as recounted in the fifth voyage of [[Sinbad the Sailor#The Fifth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor|Sinbad the Sailor]]. [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]'s ''Ornithologia'' (1599) included a woodcut of a roc with a somewhat pig-like elephant in its talons,<ref>Illustrated in Wittkower 1938:33, fig. b.</ref> but in the rational world of the 17th century, the roc was regarded more critically.
==Rationalized accounts==
The scientific culture of the 19th century introduced some "scientific" rationalizations for the myth's origins, by suggesting that the origin of the [[Mythology|myth]] of the roc may lie in embellishments of the often-witnessed power of the eagle that could carry away a newborn lamb. In 1863, [[Giovanni Giuseppe Bianconi|Bianconi]] suggested the roc was a [[Bird of prey|raptor]] (Hawkins and Goodman, 2003: 1031). Recently a giant [[subfossil]] eagle, the [[Malagasy crowned eagle]], identified from [[Madagascar]] was actually implicated as a top bird [[predator]] of the island, whose [[megafauna]] once included giant [[lemur]]s and [[Malagasy hippopotamus|pygmy hippopotamuses]].<ref>Goodman, 1994</ref>
[[File:Aepyornis eggs.jpg|thumb|left|''Aepyornis'' eggs, [[Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle]], Paris]]
Another possible origin of the myth is accounts of eggs of another extinct Malagasy bird, the enormous ''[[Aepyornis]]'' [[elephant bird]], hunted to extinction by the 16th century, that was three meters tall and [[flightless bird|flightless]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The Eighth Continent | url=https://archive.org/details/eighthcontinent00pete | url-access=registration | author=Tyson, Peter | year=2000 | location=New York | pages=[https://archive.org/details/eighthcontinent00pete/page/138 138–139]}}</ref> There were reported elephant bird sightings at least in folklore memory as [[Étienne de Flacourt]] wrote in 1658.{{r|ley196608}} Its egg, live or [[Subfossil|subfossilised]], was known as early as 1420, when sailors to the Cape of Good Hope found eggs of the roc, according to a caption in the 1456 [[Fra Mauro map]] of the world, which says that the roc "carries away an elephant or any other great animal".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science and Civilisation in China|last=Needham|first=Joseph|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1971|isbn=9780521070607|pages=501}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Life of Prince Henry of Portugal Surnamed the Navigator, and Its Results, Comprising the Discovery, Within One Century, of Half the World ... from Authentic Contemporary Documents|last=Major|first=Richard Henry|publisher=Biblioteca Nacional de Austria – Asher (Editor)|year=1868|pages=311}}</ref> Between 1830 and 1840 European travelers in Madagascar saw giant eggs and egg shells. English observers were more willing to believe their accounts because they knew of the [[moa]] in New Zealand. In 1851 the [[French Academy of Sciences]] received three eggs. They and later fossils seemingly confirmed to 19th-century Europeans that ''Aepyornis'' was the roc, but the real bird does not resemble an eagle as the roc is said to.{{r|ley196608}}
[[File:Print, Ferdinandes Magalanes Lusitanus, plate 4 from "Americae Retectio", 1580s (CH 18382163).jpg|thumb|290px|''Elephant Carried Away by a Roc'' after design by [[Stradanus]], 1590]]
Another rationalizing theory is that the existence of rocs was postulated from the sight of the African [[ostrich]], which, because of its flightlessness and unusual appearance, was mistaken for the chick of a presumably much larger species. There is, however, a claim that ostriches were known to Europeans in [[Biblical times]] due to a translation of the Old Testament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblestudytools.com/job/passage/?q=job+39:13-18|title=Job 39:13-18 - "The wings of the ostrich flap joyfully, though...NIV|website=Bible Study Tools}}</ref>{{vn|date=September 2016}} On the other hand, a medieval Northern European or Indian traveller, if confronted with tales about ostriches, might very well not have recognized them for what they were (compare [[History of elephants in Europe]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
In addition to Polo's account of the ''rukh'' in 1298, Chou Ch'ű-fei (周去非, Zhōu Qùfēi), in his 1178 book ''[[Lingwai Daida]]'', told of a large island off Africa with birds large enough to use their quills as water reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=In Search of the Red Slave|last=Pearson & Godden|year=2002|isbn=0750929383|pages=121}}</ref> Fronds of the [[raffia palm]] may have been brought to [[Kublai Khan]] under the guise of roc's feathers.<ref>[[Sir Henry Yule|Yule]]'s ''[[Marco Polo]]'', bk. iii. ch. 33, and ''Academy'', 1884, No. 620.</ref><ref>Attenborough, D. (1961). ''Zoo Quest to Madagascar''. Lutterworth Press, London. p.32-33.</ref>
Some recent scholars{{Who|date=September 2017}} have compared the legendary roc with the [[Haast's eagle]], of [[New Zealand]]. {{convert|1.4|m|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|3|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} wingspan, it became extinct around the 15th century, but probably inspired the [[Māori mythology|Māori legend]] of ''Te Hokioi'' or ''[[Hakawai (mythology)|Te Hakawai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzbirds.com/birds/haasteagle.html|title=New Zealand Birds|access-date=2010-07-09}}</ref> This was said to be a colorful huge bird which (in some versions of the legend) had occasionally descended to Earth to carry off humans to eat, but generally lived in the clouds unseen. Only its cry, after which it was named, could be heard. Indeed, the ''hokioi'' seems to be a composite mythical beast inspired by actual animals, just like the roc appears to have been. In the 1980s, it was found<ref>Miskelly (1987), Galbreath & Miskelly (1988)</ref> that male ''[[Coenocorypha]]'' snipes, tiny [[nocturnal]] [[wader]]s, produce an unexpectedly loud [[Drumming (snipe)|roaring sound]] with their tails during mating flights. The supposed coloration of the ''hokioi'' is not matched by any known bird, and generally would be extremely unusual for a bird of prey. Thus, as it seems likely that the ''hokioi'' was the eerie "drumming" of the snipes, explained with the ancestor's tales about the giant eagles which they still knew from living memory.
==Religious tradition==
===Michael Drayton===
Through the 16th century the existence of the roc could be accepted by Europeans. In 1604, [[Michael Drayton]] envisaged the rocs being taken aboard [[Noah's Ark|the Ark]]:
<blockquote><poem>All feathered things yet ever knowne to men,
From the huge Rucke, unto the little Wren;
From Forrest, Fields, from Rivers and from Pons,
All that have webs, or cloven-footed ones;
To the Grand Arke, together friendly came,
Whose severall species were too long to name.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The works of Michael Drayton|last=Drayton|first=Michael|publisher=Blackwell|year=1961|volume=3|location=Oxford|pages=338}}</ref></poem></blockquote>
===Ethiopian===
The rukh is also identified in the Ethiopian holy book ''[[Kebra Negast]]'' as the agent responsible for delivering the blessed piece of wood to [[Solomon]] which enabled the great king to complete [[Solomon's Temple]]. This piece of wood also is said to have transformed the [[Queen of Sheba]]'s foot from that of a goat to that of a human. The piece of wood that the rukh brought was therefore given an honored place in the Temple and decorated with silver rings. According to tradition, these silver rings were given to [[Judas Iscariot]] as payment for betraying [[Jesus]]; the piece of wood became Jesus's cross.
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Eagle (Middle-earth)]], the giant birds of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s tales
* [[List of fictional birds of prey]]
* [[Mount Qaf]], the only place in this world where the roc will land<ref name="Qaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.mythologydictionary.com/mount-qaf-mythology.html|title=Mount Qaf – Mythology Dictionary}}</ref>
* [[Roc (Dungeons & Dragons)|Roc (''Dungeons & Dragons'')]]
* [[Shahrokh (mythical bird)|Shahrokh]]
* [[Sinbad the Sailor]]
* [[Scaled Composites Stratolaunch]], currently the largest airplane by wingspan, which carries the nickname ''Roc''
==References==
:For a collection of [[legend]]s about the roc, see [[Edward William Lane|Edward Lane]]'s ''Arabian Nights'', chap; xx. notes 22, 62
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Samuel Bochart|Bochart, Samuel]], ''Hierozoicon'', vi.14
* [[Damfri]], I. 414, ii. 177 seq.
* {{aut|[[Etienne de Flacourt|Flacourt, E. de]]}} (1658). ''Histoire de la grande île de Madagascar''. Paris. New edition 2007, with Allibert C. notes and presentation, Paris, Karthala ed. 712 pages
* {{aut|Goodman, Steven M.}} (1994). "Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: ''Stephanoaetus'' (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Amphasambazimba," ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', '''107''': 421–428.
* {{aut|Galbreath, Ross & Miskelly, Colin M.}} (1988): The Hakawai. ''Notornis'' '''35'''(3): 215–216. [http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_35-1988/Notornis_35_3.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Miskelly, Colin M.}} (1987): The identity of the hakawai. ''[[Notornis]]'' '''34'''(2): 95–116. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_34-1987/Notornis_34_2.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Hawkins, A.F.A. & Goodman, S.M.}} (2003) ''in'' {{aut|Goodman, S.M. & Benstead, J.P. (eds.)}}: ''The Natural History of Madagascar'': 1019–1044. University of Chicago Press.
* [[Ibn Batuta]], iv. 305ff
* [[Kazwini]], i. ~I9 seq.
* {{aut|Pearson, Mike Parker & Godden, K.}} (2002). ''In search of the Red Slave: Shipwreck and Captivity in Madagascar''. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
* [[Friedrich Spiegel|Spiegel, Friedrich]], ''Eranische Alterthumskunde'', ii. 118.
* Yule, Heny{{Verify source|date=August 2010}} as above. <!-- probably "Yule's Marco Polo, bk. iii. ch. 33" -->
*Allibert C., Le monde austronésien et la civilisation du bambou: une plume qui pèse lourd: l'oiseau Rokh des auteurs arabes, in Taloha 11, Antananarivo, Institut de Civilisations, Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie, 1992: 167–181
==Further reading==
* Al-Rawi, Ahmed. "A Linguistic and Literary Examination of the Rukh Bird in Arab Culture." Al-'Arabiyya 50 (2017): 105–17. www.jstor.org/stable/26451398.
==External links==
*[http://home.comcast.net/~chris.s/rukh.html Sir Richard F. Burton's notes on the Rukh]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:ろつくちよう}}
[[Category:中東 ]]
[[Category:霊鳥]]
[[Category:巨大鳥]]
