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ページの作成:「'''ハプログループA (mtDNA)'''（ハプログループA (ミトコンドリアDNA)、{{Lang-en-short|Haplogroup A (mtDNA)}}）とは、分子人類学で用い…」
'''ハプログループA (mtDNA)'''（ハプログループA (ミトコンドリアDNA)、{{Lang-en-short|Haplogroup A (mtDNA)}}）とは、[[分子人類学]]で用いられる、[[人類]]の[[ミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ]]（型集団）の分類のうち、[[ハプログループN (mtDNA)|ハプログループN]]を祖先に持ち「152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319」により定義されるものである<ref>van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. {{PMID|18853457}}. Retrieved 2009-05-20. </ref>。[[東アジア]]北部にて50000-30000年前に誕生した<ref name="#1">Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. {{PMID|18313026}}. Retrieved 2009-11-19. </ref>。
==分布==
下位系統のA2は[[チュクチ・カムチャツカ語族|チュクチ・カムチャツカ系]]民族と[[アメリカ先住民]]に高頻度に見られる<ref name="#2">Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. {{PMID|15466285}}. </ref><ref name="#1"/>。
その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、[[アジア]]において広くみられる<ref name = "Pimenoff2008">Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101</ref><ref name = "Fuku2007">Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202</ref>。[[アジア]]では、A(xA2)は特に、[[中国]]南西部、[[チベット人]]などの[[チベット・ビルマ語派|チベット・ビルマ系]]民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,<ref name="#2"/> 25/216 = 11.6%,<ref name = "Ji2012">Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109</ref> 11/73 = 15.1%<ref name = "Ji2012" />)みられる。また[[朝鮮民族]]の約7∼15%<ref name = "Derenko2007">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933</ref><ref name = "Jin2009">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009)]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. {{doi|10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7}}</ref>
、[[日本人]]の約5~12%、<ref name="#2"/><ref name = "Umetsu2005">Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0025835}}</ref>、[[モンゴル人]]の4~13%<ref name = "Jin2009" /><ref name = "Kong2003" /><ref name = "Derenko2007" />、[[漢民族]]の約3~9%<ref name = "Umetsu2005" />が属す。[[ベトナム人]]<ref name = "Jin2009" />、[[タタール人]]<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065</ref>、[[トルコ人]]<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2488347|title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan|year=2008|volume=9|pmid=18637195|last1=Marchani|first1=EE|last2=Watkins|first2=WS|last3=Bulayeva|first3=K|last4=Harpending|first4=HC|last5=Jorde|first5=LB|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47|journal=BMC genetics}}</ref> [[ペルシャ人]]、[[タジク人]]<ref name = "Derenko2007" /> など、アジア大陸では広く見られるが、[[オーストロネシア語族|オーストロネシア系]]民族（[[マレー諸島]]）<ref name = "Tabbada2010">Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215</ref>ではほとんど見られない。
==脚注==
<references />
{{デフォルトソート:はふろくるうふAみとこんとりあDNA}}
[[Category:民族他]]
==分布==
下位系統のA2は[[チュクチ・カムチャツカ語族|チュクチ・カムチャツカ系]]民族と[[アメリカ先住民]]に高頻度に見られる<ref name="#2">Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. {{PMID|15466285}}. </ref><ref name="#1"/>。
その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、[[アジア]]において広くみられる<ref name = "Pimenoff2008">Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101</ref><ref name = "Fuku2007">Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202</ref>。[[アジア]]では、A(xA2)は特に、[[中国]]南西部、[[チベット人]]などの[[チベット・ビルマ語派|チベット・ビルマ系]]民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,<ref name="#2"/> 25/216 = 11.6%,<ref name = "Ji2012">Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109</ref> 11/73 = 15.1%<ref name = "Ji2012" />)みられる。また[[朝鮮民族]]の約7∼15%<ref name = "Derenko2007">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933</ref><ref name = "Jin2009">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009)]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. {{doi|10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7}}</ref>
、[[日本人]]の約5~12%、<ref name="#2"/><ref name = "Umetsu2005">Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0025835}}</ref>、[[モンゴル人]]の4~13%<ref name = "Jin2009" /><ref name = "Kong2003" /><ref name = "Derenko2007" />、[[漢民族]]の約3~9%<ref name = "Umetsu2005" />が属す。[[ベトナム人]]<ref name = "Jin2009" />、[[タタール人]]<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065</ref>、[[トルコ人]]<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2488347|title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan|year=2008|volume=9|pmid=18637195|last1=Marchani|first1=EE|last2=Watkins|first2=WS|last3=Bulayeva|first3=K|last4=Harpending|first4=HC|last5=Jorde|first5=LB|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47|journal=BMC genetics}}</ref> [[ペルシャ人]]、[[タジク人]]<ref name = "Derenko2007" /> など、アジア大陸では広く見られるが、[[オーストロネシア語族|オーストロネシア系]]民族（[[マレー諸島]]）<ref name = "Tabbada2010">Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215</ref>ではほとんど見られない。
==脚注==
<references />
{{デフォルトソート:はふろくるうふAみとこんとりあDNA}}
[[Category:民族他]]
