20,029
回編集
差分
ナビゲーションに移動
検索に移動
編集の要約なし
ディヴの起源は、後にペルシアの宗教で悪魔化されたヴェーダの神々（デーヴァ）にあると思われるが、議論の余地がある。フェルドウスィーの10世紀の『シャー・ナーメ（王書）』では、ディヴはすでに、後の民話でおなじみの、ほぼ人間の形をした超自然的な力を持つ邪悪な存在であり、ディブは超自然的な強さと力を持つ醜い悪魔として描写されているが、それでも時には魔術師の命令に従わざるを得ないこともある。
== 歴史 ==
''Divs'' probably originate from the [[Avesta]]n ''[[daeva]]s'', deities who share the same origin with [[Vedic mythology|Indian]] ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]'' (gods). It is unknown when and why the former deities turned into rejected gods or even demons. In the [[Gathas]], the oldest [[Zorastrian]] text, they are not yet the evil creatures they will become, although, according to some scholarly interpretations, the texts do indicate that they should be rejected.<ref name="Herrenschmidt_Kellens_1993_601">{{harvnb|Herrenschmidt|Kellens|1993|p=601}}. <!-- The scope of ''aēnah-'' "error" is not precisely understood, and in ''Yasna'' 32.3 it is unclear if the association of ''daeva-'' with unambiguously negative terms (for example with ''aka-'' "evil") formulates a relationship or is the revocation of one. The definitions of ''Yasna'' 32.3 occur with a syntactical construct that is otherwise unattested. --></ref> Evident from Xph inscriptions, [[Xerxes I]] (reigned 486–465 BC) ordered the destruction of a sanctuary dedicated to ''Daivas'' and proclaimed that the Daeva shall not be worshipped.<ref>Abolala Soudavar ''The Original Iranian Creator God "Apam Napat" (or Apam Naphat?)'' Lulu.com, 2015 {{ISBN|9781329489943}} p. 14</ref> Therefore first opposition of Daeva can not be later than the reign of Xerxes. However, the original relation between Daeva and Persian religion remains up to debate. There might have been a pantheon with several types of deities, but while the Indians demonized the [[Asura]] and deified the Deva, the Persians demonized the Deva, but deified Asura in the form of Ahura Mazda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daiva-old-iranian-noun|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>
In [[Middle Persian]] texts, they are already regarded as equivalent to demons. They are created by [[Ahriman]] (the devil) along with sorcerers and everything else that is evil. They roam the earth at night and bring people to ruin. During the advent of Islam in Persia, the term was used for both demonized humans and evil supernatural creatures. In the translations of [[Tabari]]'s [[Tafsir]], the term ''div'' was used to designate evil jinn, devils and [[Satan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Patrick |last2=Hughes |first2=Thomas Patrick |year=1995 |orig-year=1885 |title=Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms of the Muhammadan Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=134|isbn=9788120606722 |oclc=35860600 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
From this Persian origin, belief in Div entered Muslim belief. [[Abu Ali Bal'ami]]'s work on the history of the world, is the oldest known writing including explicitly Islamic cosmology and the ''div''. He attributes his account on the creation of the world to [[Wahb ibn Munabbih]].<ref>Persian Literature as World Literature. (2021). USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40</ref>
Evident from the [[epic poem]] written by the [[Persian literature|Persian poet]] [[Ferdowsi]] between c. 977 and 1010 CE, that, by his day the ''div'' had become associated with the people of the [[Mazandaran (Shahnameh)|Mazandaran of legend]] (which is not to be identified with the Iranian province of [[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/div|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> While some ''div'' appear as supernatural sorcerers, many ''div'' appear to be clearly demonized humans, including black people, attributed with supernatural strength, but no supernatural bodily features. Some people continued to worship ''div'' in their rituals during the early Islamic period, known as "Daevayasna", although probably out of fear.<ref>Reza Yousefvand Demonology & worship of Dives in Iranian local legend Assistant Professor, Payam Noor University, Department of history, Tehran. Iran Life Science Journal 2019</ref> People of Mazdaran might have been associated with such worship and therefore equated with these entities. Despite many ''div'' appear human in nature, there are also clearly supernatural ''div'', like the White Div, who is said to be as huge as a mountain.
