'''エオステレ'''(Ēostre、プロト・ゲルマン語。*Austrō(n)))は、西ゲルマン語の春の女神である。この名前は古英語に反映されている。*Ēastre ([ˈɑstre]; ノーザンブリア方言: Ēastro、メルキアンおよび西サクソン方言:Ēostre [ˈ])、<ref name="Sievers">Sievers 1901 p. 98</ref><ref>Wright, 85, §208</ref><ref name="EASTETYM">Barnhart, Robert K. ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology'' (1995) ISBN:0-06-270084-7</ref>古高地ドイツ語。*Ôstara、古ザクセン語。*Āsteron<ref>Simek, 1996, p74</ref><ref>Kroonen, 2013, p43</ref>。ゲルマンの月が彼女の名を冠していることから(ノーザンブリア語:Ēosturmōnaþ、西サクソン語:Ēastermōnaþ、古高ドイツ語:Ôstarmânoth)、いくつかの言語でイースター祭の名称として使われることがある。古英語の神エオステレは、8世紀のベーデーの著作『The Reckoning of Time』で唯一証明されている。ベーデーは、Ēosturmōnaþ(4月に相当)の間、異教徒のアングロ・サクソンがエオステレに敬意を表して祝宴を行っていたが、彼の時代にはその伝統が消え、代わりにイエスの復活を祝うキリスト教の聖餐月が行われるようになったと述べている<ref group="私注">日本でも「卯月」は4月のことのように思う。</ref>。
ともかく、原始ゲルマン語に*Austrō(n)という女神が登場することは、19世紀のゲルマン言語学の基礎から、学者ヤコブ・グリムらによって、言語学的再構成によって詳細に検討されている。
'''{{lang|ang|Ēostre}}''' ({{Lang-gem-x-proto|Austrō(n)}}) is a [[List of Germanic deities|West Germanic]] spring goddess. The name is reflected in ({{IPA-ang|ˈæːɑstre|}}; [[Northumbrian Old English|Northumbrian dialect]]: ''{{lang|ang|Ēastro}}'', [[Mercian dialect|Mercian]] and [[West Saxon dialect (Old English)|West Saxon]] dialects: ''{{lang|ang|Ēostre}}'' {{IPA-ang|ˈeːostre|}}), {{lang-goh|*Ôstara}}, and {{Lang-osx|*Āsteron}}. By way of the [[Germanic calendar|Germanic month]] bearing her name (Northumbrian: ''{{lang|ang|Ēosturmōnaþ}}'', West Saxon: ''{{lang|ang|Ēastermōnaþ}}''; {{lang-goh|Ôstarmânoth|links=no}}), she is the namesake of the festival of [[Easter]] in some languages. The Old English deity Ēostre is attested solely by [[Bede]] in his 8th-century work ''[[The Reckoning of Time]]'', where Bede states that during ''{{lang|ang|Ēosturmōnaþ}}'' (the equivalent of April), [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|pagan Anglo-Saxons]] had held feasts in {{lang|ang|Ēostre|italic=no}}'s honour, but that this tradition had died out by his time, replaced by the Christian [[Easter#Theological significance|Paschal month]], a celebration of the [[resurrection of Jesus]].
By way of [[linguistic reconstruction]], the matter of a goddess called {{lang|gem-x-proto|Austrō(n)}} in the [[Proto-Germanic language]] has been examined in detail since the foundation of [[Germanic philology]] in the 19th century by scholar [[Jacob Grimm]] and others. As the [[Germanic languages]] descend from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE), [[historical linguistics|historical linguists]] have traced the name to a Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn *''{{PIE|[[Hausos|H₂ewsṓs]]}}'', from which may descend the Common Germanic divinity at the origin of the Old English {{lang|ang|Ēostre|italic=no}} and the Old High German {{lang|goh|Ôstara|italic=no}}. Additionally, scholars have linked the goddess's name to a variety of Germanic personal names, a series of location names ([[toponymy|toponyms]]) in England, and, discovered in 1958, over 150 inscriptions from the 2nd century CE referring to the ''{{lang|la|[[matres and Matronae|matronae]] Austriahenae}}''.
* Murphy, Luke John and Ameen, Carly. "The Shifting Baselines of the British Hare Goddess". In: ''Open Archaeology'' 6, no. 1 (2020): 214-235. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0109
* Sermon, Richard (2022). "Eostre and the ''Matronae Austriahenae''". In: ''Folklore'', 133:2, 139-157. DOI: 10.1080/0015587X.2021.1959143
== 私的注釈 ==
== 参照 ==