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彼女は原初の創造における混沌の象徴であり、女性として描写され<ref>Luzacs Semitic Text and Translation Series, page150-line 122, Vol XII, http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14907.pdf</ref>、女性の象徴であり、'''きらきら輝くもの'''として描写される<ref>Luzacs Semitic Text and Translation Series, page124-line 36, Vol XII, http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14907.pdf</ref>。
In [[Mesopotamian religion]], '''Tiamat''' ({{lang-akk|{{cuneiform|7|𒀭𒋾𒊩𒆳}}}} {{transl|akk|<sup>[[dingir|D]]</sup><small>TI.AMAT</small>}} or {{Script/Cuneiform|7|𒀭𒌓𒌈}} {{transl|akk|<sup>[[dingir|D]]</sup><small>TAM.TUM</small>}}, {{lang-grc|Θαλάττη|Thaláttē}})<ref name="oracc">[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/tiamat/index.html Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses – Tiamat (goddess)]</ref> is a primordial [[water god|goddess of the sea]], mating with [[Abzu|Abzû]], the god of the [[Groundwater|groundwater]], to produce younger gods. She is the symbol of the chaos of primordial creation. She is referred to as a woman{{sfn|King|1902a|page=150|loc=line 122}} and described as "the glistening one".{{sfn|King|1902a|page=124|loc=line 36}} It is suggested that there are two parts to the Tiamat [[mythos]]. In the first, she is a creator goddess, through a [[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]] between different waters, peacefully creating the cosmos through successive generations. In the second [[Chaoskampf]] Tiamat is considered the monstrous embodiment of [[primordial chaos]].<ref name="StephanieDalley">{{cite book |first=Stephanie |last=Dalley | author-link=Stephanie Dalley |title=Myths from Mesopotamia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1987 |pages=329 }}</ref> Some sources identify her with images of a [[sea serpent]] or [[dragon]].{{sfn|Jacobsen|1968|pp=104-108}}
In the ''[[Enûma Elish]]'', the [[Babylon]]ian [[Epic poetry|epic]] of [[Creation myth|creation]], Tiamat bears the first generation of deities; her husband, Apsu, correctly assuming that they are planning to kill him and usurp his throne, later makes war upon them and is killed. Enraged, she also wars upon her husband's murderers, bringing forth multitudes of monsters as offspring. She is then slain by [[Enki]]'s son, the storm-god [[Marduk]], but not before she had brought forth the monsters of the Mesopotamian pantheon, including the first dragons, whose bodies she filled with "poison instead of blood". Marduk then integrates elements of her body into the heavens and the earth.
==Etymology==
[[Thorkild Jacobsen]] and [[Walter Burkert]] both argue for a connection with the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] word for sea, ''[[wikt:𒀀𒀊𒁀#Akkadian|tâmtu]]''({{cuneiform|𒀀𒀊𒁀}}), following an early form, ''ti'amtum''.{{sfn|Jacobsen|1968|p=105}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |title=The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1992 |pages=92f |isbn=0-674-64363-1 }}</ref> Burkert continues by making a linguistic connection to [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]. The later form {{lang-grc|Θαλάττη|translit=thaláttē|label=none}}, which appears in the Hellenistic Babylonian writer [[Berossus]]' first volume of universal history, is clearly related to Greek {{Lang-grc|Θάλαττα|thálatta|label=none}}, an Eastern variant of {{Lang-grc|Θάλασσα|[[thalassa]]|label=none|lit=sea}}. It is thought that the proper name ti'amat, which is the [[vocative]] or [[Construct state|construct]] form, was dropped in secondary translations of the original texts because some Akkadian copyists of ''Enûma Elish'' substituted the ordinary word ''tāmtu'' ("sea") for Tiamat, the two names having become essentially the same due to association.{{sfn|Jacobsen|1968|p=105}} ''Tiamat'' also has been claimed to be [[cognate]] with [[Northwest Semitic]] ''[[tehom]]'' (תְּהוֹם) ("the deeps, abyss"), in the [[Book of Genesis]] 1:2.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yahuda |first=A. |title=The Language of the Pentateuch in its Relation to Egyptian |location=Oxford |year=1933 }}</ref>
The Babylonian epic ''[[Enuma Elish]]'' is named for its [[incipit]]: "When above" the heavens did not yet exist nor the earth below, [[Apsu]] the subterranean ocean was there, "the first, the begetter", and Tiamat, the overground sea, "she who bore them all"; they were "mixing their waters". It is thought that female deities are older than male ones in [[Mesopotamia]] and Tiamat may have begun as part of the cult of [[Nammu]], a female principle of a watery creative force, with equally strong connections to the underworld, which predates the appearance of Ea-Enki.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steinkeller |first=Piotr |chapter=On Rulers, Priests and Sacred Marriage: Tracing the Evolution of Early Sumerian Kingship |editor-last=Wanatabe |editor-first=K. |title=Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Winter |year=1999 |pages=103–38 |isbn=3-8253-0533-3 }}</ref>
[[Harriet Crawford]] finds this "mixing of the waters" to be a natural feature of the middle [[Persian Gulf]], where fresh waters from the Arabian aquifer mix and mingle with the salt waters of the sea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Harriet E. W. |author-link=Harriet Crawford |year=1998 |title=Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-58348-9 }}</ref> This characteristic is especially true of the region of [[Bahrain]], whose name in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] means "two seas", and which is thought to be the site of [[Dilmun]], the original site of the Sumerian creation beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Crawford |editor-first=Harriet |editor2-last=Killick |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Moon |editor3-first=Jane |year=1997 |title=The Dilmun Temple at Saar: Bahrain and Its Archaeological Inheritance |publisher=Saar Excavation Reports / London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: Kegan Paul |isbn=0-7103-0487-0 }}</ref> The difference in density of salt and fresh water drives a perceptible separation.
==Appearance==
In the ''Enûma Elish'' her physical description includes a [[tail]], a [[thigh]], "lower parts" (which shake together), a belly, an [[udder]], [[rib]]s, a [[neck]], a [[head]], a [[skull]], [[eye]]s, [[nostril]]s, a [[mouth]], and [[lip]]s. She has insides (possibly "entrails"), a [[heart]], arteries, and [[blood]].
Tiamat is usually described as a [[sea serpent]] or [[dragon]], although Assyriologist [[Alexander Heidel]] disagreed with this identification and argued that "dragon form can not be imputed to Tiamat with certainty". Other scholars have disregarded Heidel's argument: [[Joseph Fontenrose]] in particular found it "not convincing" and concluded that "there is reason to believe that Tiamat was sometimes, not necessarily always, conceived as a dragoness".<ref>{{cite book |last=Fontenrose |first=Joseph |title=Python: a study of Delphic myth and its origins |year=1980 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-04091-0 |pages=153–154}}</ref> The ''[[Enûma Elish]]'' states that Tiamat gave [[birth]] to dragons, serpents, [[scorpion men]], [[Mermaid|merfolk]] and other monsters, but does not identify her form.{{sfn|King|1902b}}
==Mythology==
[[Abzu]] (or Apsû) fathered upon Tiamat the elder deities [[Lahmu]] and [[Lahamu]] (masc. the "hairy"), a title given to the gatekeepers at Enki's Abzu/E'engurra-temple in [[Eridu]]. Lahmu and Lahamu, in turn, were the parents of the 'ends' of the heavens ([[Anshar]], from ''an-šar'' = heaven-totality/end) and the earth ([[Kishar]]); Anshar and Kishar were considered to meet at the horizon, becoming, thereby, the parents of [[Anu]] (Heaven) and [[Ki (goddess)|Ki]] (Earth).
Tiamat was the "shining" personification of the sea who roared and smote in the chaos of original creation. She and Apsu filled the cosmic abyss with the primeval waters. She is "'''Ummu-Hubur''' who formed all things".
In the myth recorded on [[Cuneiform|cuneiform tablets]], the deity [[Enki]] (later Ea) believed correctly that Apsu was planning to murder the younger deities, upset with the noisy tumult they created, and so captured him and held him prisoner beneath his temple, the [[É (temple)|E-Abzu]] ("temple of Abzu"). This angered [[Kingu]], their son, who reported the event to Tiamat, whereupon she fashioned eleven monsters to battle the deities in order to avenge Apsu's death. These were her own offspring: [[Bašmu]] (“Venomous Snake”), [[Ušumgallu]] (“Great Dragon”), [[Mušmaḫḫū]] (“Exalted Serpent”), [[Mušḫuššu]] (“Furious Snake”), [[Lahmu|Laḫmu]] (the “Hairy One”), [[Ugallu]] (the “Big Weather-Beast”), [[Uridimmu]] (“Mad Lion”), [[Girtablilu|Girtablullû]] (“Scorpion-Man"), [[Umū dabrūtu]] (“Violent Storms"), [[Kulullû]] (“Fish-Man") and [[Kusarikku]] (“Bull-Man”).
Tiamat possessed the [[Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)|Tablet of Destinies]] and in the primordial battle she gave them to Kingu, the deity she had chosen as her lover and the leader of her host, and who was also one of her children. The terrified deities were rescued by Anu, who secured their promise to revere him as "[[king of the gods]]". He fought Tiamat with the arrows of the winds, a net, a club, and an invincible spear. Anu was later replaced by [[Enlil]] and, in the late version that has survived after the [[First Babylonian dynasty|First Dynasty]] of [[Babylon]], by [[Marduk]], the son of Ea.
<blockquote><poem>And the lord stood upon Tiamat's hinder parts,
And with his merciless club he smashed her skull.
He cut through the channels of her blood,
And he made the North wind bear it away into secret places.</poem ></blockquote>
Slicing Tiamat in half, he made from her ribs the vault of heaven and earth. Her weeping eyes became the sources of the [[Tigris]] and the [[Euphrates]], her tail became the [[Milky Way]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barentine|first=John C.|title=The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_27|chapter=Tigris|date=2016|journal=The Lost Constellations|series=Springer Praxis Books|publisher=Springer Praxis Books|isbn=978-3-319-22795-5|location=Springer, Cham|pages=425–438|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_27}}</ref> With the approval of the elder deities, he took from Kingu the [[Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)|Tablet of Destinies]], installing himself as the head of the Babylonian [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]]. [[Kingu]] was captured and later was slain: his red blood mixed with the red clay of the Earth would make the body of humankind, created to act as the servant of the younger [[Igigi]] deities.
The principal theme of the epic is the rightful elevation of Marduk to command over all the deities. "It has long been realized that the Marduk epic, for all its local coloring and probable elaboration by the Babylonian theologians, reflects in substance older Sumerian material," American Assyriologist [[Ephraim Avigdor Speiser|E. A. Speiser]] remarked in 1942<ref>Speiser, "An Intrusive Hurro-Hittite Myth", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''62'''.2 (June 1942:98–102) p. 100.</ref> adding "The exact Sumerian prototype, however, has not turned up so far." This surmise that the Babylonian version of the story is based upon a modified version of an older [[Epic poem|epic]], in which [[Enlil]], not Marduk, was the god who slew Tiamat,<ref>Expressed, for example, in E. O. James, ''The Worship of the Skygod: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion'' (London: University of London, Jordan Lectures in Comparative religion) 1963:24, 27f.</ref> is more recently dismissed as "distinctly improbable".<ref>As by W. G. Lambert, reviewing James 1963 in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, '''27'''.1 (1964), pp. 157–158.</ref>
==Interpretations==
The Tiamat myth is one of the earliest recorded versions of the [[Chaoskampf]], the battle between a culture hero and a [[chthonic]] or aquatic monster, serpent or dragon.{{sfn|Jacobsen|1968|pp=104-108}} ''Chaoskampf'' motifs in other mythologies linked directly or indirectly to the Tiamat myth include
the Hittite [[Illuyanka]] myth, and in Greek tradition [[Apollo]]'s killing of the [[Python (mythology)|Python]] as a necessary action to take over the [[Delphic Oracle]].<ref>[http://martikheel.com/pdf/heroic-holistic-ethics.pdf MArtkheel]</ref>
In the second "''[[Chaoskampf]]''{{-"}} Tiamat is considered the monstrous embodiment of [[primordial chaos]].<ref name="StephanieDalley" />
[[Robert Graves]]<ref>Graves, ''The Greek Myths'', rev. ed. 1960:§4.5.</ref> considered Tiamat's death by [[Marduk]] as evidence for his hypothesis of an ancient shift in power from a [[matriarchy|matriarchal]] society to a [[patriarchy]]. The theory suggests Tiamat and other ancient monster figures were depictions of former supreme deities of peaceful, woman-centered religions that turned into monsters when violent. Their defeat at the hands of a male hero corresponded to the overthrow of these matristic religions and societies by male-dominated ones. This theory is rejected by academic authors such as [[Lotte Motz]], [[Cynthia Eller]] and others.<ref>''The Faces of the Goddess'', [[Lotte Motz]], Oxford University Press (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-19-508967-7}}</ref><ref>''[[The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory]]: Why An Invented Past Will Not Give Women a Future'', Cynthia Eller, Beacon Press (2000), {{ISBN|978-0-8070-6792-5}}.</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2021}}
The depiction of [[Tiamat (Dungeons & Dragons)|Tiamat as a multi-headed dragon]] was popularized in the 1970s as a fixture of the ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' [[roleplaying game]] inspired by earlier sources associating Tiamat with later mythological characters such as [[Lotan]] (Leviathan).<ref>Four ways of Creation: "[http://www.tali-virtualmidrash.org.il/ArticleEng.aspx?art=3 Tiamat & Lotan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224718/http://www.tali-virtualmidrash.org.il/ArticleEng.aspx?art=3 |date=2015-02-06 }}." Retrieved on August 23, 2010</ref>
*The five headed [[Dragon|draconic]] goddess in the ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' game is named [[Tiamat (Dungeons & Dragons)|Tiamat]], and stars as one of the primary antagonists in the [[Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)|''Dungeons & Dragons'']] TV series.
*Tiamat appears as a six-headed dragon in the first ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' as a member of the Four Fiends.
*In Bruce Coville's ''[[Jeremy Thatcher, Dragon Hatcher]]'' (from the ''[[Magic Shop (series)|Magic Shop]]'' series), a boy is given a dragon egg from Elias's magic shop and names the dragon Tiamat, with whom he develops a mental connection.
* The mobile game ''[[Fate/Grand Order]]'' depicts Tiamat as a powerful goddess and an Evil of Humanity. She firstly appears as a woman with gigantic horns, then as a massive humanoid with demonic horns and a tail, and finally as a draconic being of similar size. The anime ''[[Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia]]'' shows her in the same manner as the game.
* In Japanese anime, manga and light novels series ''[[Shakugan no Shana]]'' Tiamat is a female Crimson Lord from a parallel universe called Crimson Realm (紅世, Guze), bound by contract to one of the characters.
* In music, [[Tiamat (band)|Tiamat]] is a Swedish Gothic metal band that formed in Stockholm in 1987.
* The Swedish black metal band [[Dissection (band)|Dissection]] constantly reference Tiamat in their 2006 album ''[[Reinkaos]]''
* In the 2010 video game ''[[Darksiders]]'', one of the Chosen that must be slain by Horseman War is Tiamat, the gigantic queen of vampire bats.
* The eighth book of ''[[The Expanse (novel series)|The Expanse]]'' series by [[James S. A. Corey]] is titled ''Tiamat's Wrath'', and was published in 2019.
* Tiamat, in the image of a giant mermaid, appears as a boss in the [[platform game|platform video game]] ''[[Spelunky 2]]''.
* Tiamat is the final boss in the 2013 [[action role-playing game]] ''[[Young Justice: Legacy]]''.
* Tiamat is one of the playable gods in the [[Multiplayer online battle arena|MOBA]] ''[[SMITE]]'', the first Babylonian god released in 2021.
* Tiamat is the inspiration for Tiamut, a [[Celestial (comics)|Celestial]] in the [[Marvel Universe]].
* In ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', Tiamat was a Goa'uld System Lord in the First Goa'uld Dynasty that predates the time of the series. In the season five episode "The Tomb" and season six episode "Full Circle" an artifact known as the Eye of Tiamat serves as a plot device.
* Tiamat appears as one of the oldest and most powerful of the water-elemental [[Marid]] in ''The Daevabad Trilogy'' by [[S. A. Chakraborty]].
==See also==
*[[Sea of Suf]] - a primordial sea in the World of Darkness in Mandaean cosmology
==References==
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Leonard William |author-link=Leonard William King |title=The Seven Tablets of Creation |volume=I: English Translations etc. |year=1902a |url=http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14907.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Leonard William |title=The Seven Tablets of Creation |volume=II: Supplementary Texts |year=1902b |url=http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14503.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |first=Thorkild |last=Jacobsen |title=The Battle between [[Marduk]] and Tiamat |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=88 |issue=1 |year=1968 |pages=104–108 |jstor=597902 |doi=10.2307/597902}}
==External links==
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/enuma.htm Enuma Elish]
*[http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/Enuma_Elish.html Enuma Elish, the Babylonian creation story]
== 概要 ==
== 関連項目 ==
* [[ガイアマリヤ]]：ヒッタイトの庭園の女神。* [[キュベレー]]* [[プルシャ]]* [[盤古]]* [[ユミル]]* [[ヌン]]* [[ハイヌウェレ型神話]]* [[地母神メリジューヌ]]：フランス等の伝承に登場する蛇の女王。
== 参照 ==
