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== 文献資料 ==
有名なルカヌスの「ファルサリア」（61-65CE）の一節は、テウタテス、ヘスス（エススの吸引形）、タラニスというケルトの三神に捧げられた痛ましい生け贄について言及している<ref name="phars"M. Annaeus Lucanus (61-65 CE). ''Bellum civile'' I.445.</ref>。 A well-known section in [[Lucan]]'s ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' (61–65 CE) refers to gory sacrifices offered to a triad of Celtic deities: [[Teutates]], Hesus (an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] form of Esus), and [[Taranis]].<ref name="phars">[[Lucan|M. Annaeus Lucanus]] (61-65 CE). ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' I.445.</ref> Variant spellings, or readings, of the name Esus in the manuscripts of Lucan include Hesus, Aesus, and Haesus.<ref name="petrone"/> Among a pair of later [[scholia|commentators]] on Lucan's work, one identifies [[Teutates]] with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] and Esus with [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to the [[Commenta Bernensia|Berne Commentary]] on Lucan, [[Human sacrifice|human victims]] were [[sacrifice]]d to Esus by being tied to a tree and flogged to death.<ref>Olmsted, Garrett S., The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, University of Innsbruck, 1994, p. 321.</ref>
The Gallic medical writer [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]] may offer another textual reference to Esus in his ''De medicamentis'', a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words. The work contains a magico-medical charm decipherable as [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] which appears to invoke the aid of Esus (spelled Aisus) in curing throat trouble.<ref name="marcel">''De medicamentis'' 15.106, p. 121 in [[Marcellus Empiricus#The text|Niedermann's edition]]; Gustav Must, “A Gaulish Incantation in [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]],” ''Language'' 36 (1960) 193–197; Pierre-Yves Lambert, “Les formules de Marcellus de Bordeaux,” in ''La langue gauloise'' (Éditions Errance 2003), p.179, citing [[Léon Fleuriot]], “Sur quelques textes gaulois,” ''Études celtiques'' 14 (1974) 57–66.</ref>
