ダヌヴァンタリ

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ダヌヴァンタリ（Dhanvantari）はヒンドゥー教の医薬神で、ヴィシュヌ神のアバターである。プラーナ文献ではアーユルヴェーダの神として登場する[1]。地上に降り立った彼は、カシ（現在ではバラナシと呼ばれる）の王として君臨していた。特にダンテラス（Dhanteras）[2]や全国アーユルヴェーダデー（Dhanvantari Trayodashi）には、自分自身や他人の健康を祈願するため、ダヌヴァンタリに祈りを捧げる者がいる[3]。また、ダヌヴァンタリは、ヴィシュヌ・プラーナに登場する神話のカシの王Divodasaの曾祖父であることが確認されている[4][5]。

神話

起源

『ラーマーヤナ』の『バラ・カンダ』[6]と『バガヴァタ・プラーナ』によると、ダヌヴァンタリは乳海から現れ、サムドラ・マータナの仲にアムリタ（不老不死の霊薬）の壺を持って現れた。乳海はデーヴァとアシュラによってかき回され、かき回すのにマンダラ山と蛇のヴァスキーを使ったと書かれている。アムリタの壺はアスラに奪われ、この後、ヴィシュヌのアバターであるモヒニが出現して、アスラからアムリタを取り返した。 また、ダヌヴァンタリはアーユルヴェーダを広めたとされている[7]。ここで特筆すべきは、ダヌヴァンタリの薬草を完全に解明した『ダヌヴァンタリ・ニガントゥ（Dhanvantari-Nighantu）』の論文である[8]。

『ブラフマンダ・プラーナ（Brahmanda Purana）』には、医薬神の起源が記されている[9]。

ブラフマーナたちよ、ダヌヴァンタリの由来を聞かせてあげよう。彼は、かつて乳海が撹拌されたとき、アムリタのために生まれた。はじめに、彼はカラシャ（壺）の前に生まれた。彼は栄光の光輪に包まれていた。突然出現したダヌヴァンタリを見て、そばにいたヴィシュヌは「あなたは水から生まれたのだ」と言った。それゆえ、ダヌヴァンタリは「アブジャ（Abja、水生）」と記憶されている。アブジャはヴィシュヌに言いました。「主よ、私はあなたの息子です。優れた神よ、私に分け前と居場所を与えてください。」


このように言われた主は、事実を確認した上で、「供養（ヤジュニャ、Yajña）を分け与えることは、ディティ（Diti）の子やスーラ（Suras）によって既になされている。ホーマ（Homas）等[10]の正しい行い方などは、偉大な聖者によってヴェーダの中で定められている。いつでも自分にホーマを施してもらえるわけではない。


The Brahmanda Purana describes the origin of the physician deity:[11]


Let the origin of Dhanvantari be heard, O Brāhmaṇas. He was born formerly when the ocean was being churned, for the sake of nectar. At the outset, he was born before the Kalaśa (pot). He was encircled by a halo of glory all round. On seeing him having accomplished his task suddenly, Viṣṇu who was standing by said—“You are born of water”. Hence, he is remembered as Abja (water-born). Abja said to Viṣṇu—“O lord, I am your son. Allot me my share and place in the world, O excellent god.”


On being told thus, the lord said after review in the factual position, “The division of the Yajña has already been made by the sons of Diti as well as the Suras. The due performance of Homas etc. has been laid down in the Vedas by the great sages. It is not possible to get Homa performed unto you at any time. As you are born subsequent to Vedas O god, you have no Mantra (assignable to you). O lord, in your second incarnation you will earn reputation in the world. Then you will attain the super-natural powers like Aṇimā (minuteness) and others. O lord, you will attain Deva-hood with this selfsame body. Brāhmaṇas (and other twice-born ones) shall worship you with Caturmantras (i.e. Mantras from the four Vedas), ghee offerings and Gavyas (materials of worship obtained from milk, milk products). You will once again reproduce the Āyurveda (the Science of Medicine). These incidents and events are inevitable and have already been visualised by the lotus-born lord (Brahmā) earlier. Undoubtedly you will be born in the second Dvāpara Yuga”. Therefore, after granting the boon, Viṣṇu disappeared.|title=Brahmanda Purana|source=Chapter 67

Incarnation

During the second Dvapara Yuga, the King of Kashi, Dirghatapas, propitiated the physician deity for the birth of a son. The deity agreed to incarnate himself as the desired child as a boon. Dhanavantri proved to be a great king, and is described as the "dispeller of all ailments". He is described to have been exempt from infirmities and recognised as a "master of universal knowledge".[5] The sage Bharadvaja educated him regarding the therapeutic practice of Ayurveda, and further caused him to study medicine. The king created a classification of his knowledge of medicine into eight fields and disseminated it to a number of diverse disciples.[12]

Dhanvantari and Manasadevi

According to the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Dhanvantari, accompanied by his disciples, once journeyed to Kailasha. On the way, a naga named Takshaka emitted a venom-spitting hiss. A disciple plucked the diamond upon the head of Takshaka and hurled it towards the earth. Upon learning these events, the powerful serpent-king Vasuki amassed thousands of serpents under the leadership of Drona, Pundarika, and Dhananjaya against the entourage. The poisonous emissions of all these serpents united to make the disciples of Dhanvantari faint. Immediately, Dhanvantari concocted a medicine made from vanaspati, allowing his followers to recover and causing the snakes to faint in turn. When Vasuki understood what had transpired, he sent a minor Shaiva serpent goddess, Manasadevi, to face Dhanvantari. Manasadevi sent the disciples of Dhanvantari into a swoon, but since the deity was proficient in the art of Vishvavidya, he soon restored his disciples to consciousness. When Manasadevi deemed it impossible to defeat Dhanvantari or his disciples, she held the trishula given to her by Shiva and aimed it at Dhanvantari. Seeing this, Shiva and Brahma appeared before them and restored the peace, sending them all on their way.[13]

Iconography

According to the ancient Sanskrit work Vishnudharamottara, Dhanvantari is a handsome individual and should usually be depicted with four hands, with one of them carrying amrita, the elixir of immortality. Dhanvantari is depicted in a stark resemblance to Vishnu, with four hands, holding the Shankha, Chakra, Jalauka (leech), and a pot containing amrita. He is often shown with a leech in his hand rather than the scriptures.

Some texts describe him as holding a conch, amrita, medicinal herbs, and a book of Ayurveda.

ファイル:Statue of Dhanvantari.jpg
Statue of Dhanvantari at Tarakeshwar temple

Temples

India

ファイル:Dhanwantari Bhagwan.jpg
Dhanvantari at Ayurved Sankul Anand, which is a premier institute of Ayurveda situated in the Milk City of India, Anand, Gujarat.

In Maharashtra

In Konkan, There is a Dhanvantari temple at Dapoli, District Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. It belongs to Dongare family and is owned and run by Vaidya Aniruddha Dongare. Many devotees from Konkan and rest of Maharashtra visit the temple and offer their prayers.

In Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

There are a few dedicated temples to Dhanvantari in South India especially in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, where ayurveda is highly practised and patronised. The Thottuva Dhanwanthari temple in Kerala is a particularly famous temple, where Lord Dhanvantari's idol is almost six feet tall and facing east. On the right hand the lord holds amrita and with the left hand the lord holds Atta, Shanku and Chakra. The 'Ekadasi' day celebration, which falls on the same day as the 'Guruvayur Ekadasi' is of special significance.

In Tamil Nadu, in the courtyard of Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam), there is a Dhanvantari shrine where daily worship of the deity is performed. In front of this temple there is an engraved stone believed to be from the 12th century. According to the writings on the stone, Garuda Vahana Bhattar, a great ayurvedic physician, established the statue inside the temple. A prasada or tirtham, a herbal decoction, is given to the visitors. The shrine is the oldest Dhanvantari shrine in the state.[14] Another Dhanvantari shrine is found in the second precinct of Varadaraja Perumal Temple in Kanchipuram.[15]

Dhanvanthari temples in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry include:

  • Nelluvai Dhanwantari Temple, Wadakkanchery, Thrissur, Kerala
  • Sri Danvantri Arogya Peedam, Walajapet, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu[16]
  • Thevalakkadu Sree Dhanwanthari Temple, Kulasekharamangalam Post, Vaikom, Kottayam, Kerala[17]
  • Aanakkal Dhanwanthari Temple, Thaniyathukunnu, Thrissur[18]
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu[19]
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple, Maruthorvattom, Cherthala, Kerala[20]
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple, Prayikara, Mavelikara, Alleppey, Kerala[21]
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple Elanthoor, Pathanamthitta, Kerala
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple Kanakkoor, Alappuzha, Kerala
  • Sree Dhanwanthari Temple Poothakulam, Kollam, Kerala
  • Shri Dhanwantari Temple, Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Campus, Puri, Odisha
  • Sri Dhanvantri Swamy Sannidhi within the Sanjeevi Vinayakar Temple, JIPMER campus
  • Shri Aalkkalmanna Dhanwanthari Temple is situated at Eranthod Village, Angadippuram Panchayat, Perintalmanna Taluk of Malappuram District.
  • There is also Sri Murrari Dhanvantri Moorthi Kshetram temple in kollam district (boothakulam) paravur. It belongs to a family called Thundvilla, it is owned and run by the family members itself. People offer prayer for there beloved ones and offer paalpayasam to god.
  • Shri Dhanvantari Temple, Palluruthy, Kochi, Kerala is a small temple managed by Gowda Saraswath Brahmin Community.

Others

In Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh state, one statue of Dhanvantari is present in the university museum. Two statues are at the headquarters of the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha at New Delhi. There is another statue inside the Ayurveda Maha Sammelan office, Dhanawantari Bhawan at New Delhi and one statue of Dhanvantari is present at Mohyal Ashram in Haridwar.テンプレート:Citation needed

Nepal

There is a shikar style temple dedicated to the god in the Jaya Bageshwari neighbourhood of Kathmandu. The temple is near the famous Pashupatinath temple.

Commemoration

His birthday is celebrated by practitioners of Ayurveda annually on Dhanteras, two days before Deepavali. It is also celebrated as National Ayurveda Day in India, which was first observed in 2016.[22]

See also

Further reading

External links

テンプレート:Commons category

参照

  1. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org, 2012-06-29, Dhanvantari, Dhanvamtari: 22 definitions , https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dhanvantari#purana, 2022-08-02, www.wisdomlib.org
  2. ↑ インドの祝祭
  3. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Dhanteras-to-be-observed-as-National-Ayurveda-Day/articleshow/54599037.cms, Dhanteras to be observed as National Ayurveda Day - Times of India, The Times of India
  4. ↑ Gray Louis H., 1922, The Indian God Dhanvantari, https://www.jstor.org/stable/593645, Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume42 , pages323–337, doi:10.2307/593645, jstor:593645, issn:0003-0279
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 www.wisdomlib.org, 2014-08-30, Lineage of Ayu and origin of Dhanvantari [Chapter VIII], https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/vishnu-purana-wilson/d/doc116005.html, 2022-08-02, www.wisdomlib.org
  6. ↑ Valmiki Ramayana: Balakanda, https://books.google.com/books?id=glKDtKF8XOIC, page556, Harekrishna Satapathy, Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, year2010
  7. ↑ Madhavan 2007, p.107
  8. ↑ [1][2][3][4][5]Dhanvantari-Nighantu
  9. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org, 2019-06-21, The origin of Dhanvantari [Chapter 67], https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana/d/doc362925.html, 2022-08-02, www.wisdomlib.org
  10. ↑ 護摩（ごま、梵: homa、ホーマ）とは、インド系宗教において行われる火を用いる儀式。（homa、webio（最終閲覧日：22-11-01））
  11. ↑ The origin of Dhanvantari [Chapter 67].2019-06-21 - via {{{via}}}.
  12. ↑ The origin of Dhanvantari [Chapter 67].2019-06-21 - via {{{via}}}.
  13. ↑ Story of Dhanvantari.2019-01-28 - via {{{via}}}.
  14. ↑ Madhavan 2007, p. 108
  15. ↑ Madhavan 2007, p. 110
  16. ↑ Sri Danvantri Temple.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  17. ↑ Thevalakkadu Sree Dhanwanthari Temple Kulasekharamangalam, Vaikom, Kottayam, Kerala, India.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  18. ↑ Welcome.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  19. ↑ http://temples.avpayurveda.com テンプレート:Webarchive
  20. ↑ Official website of Maruthorvattom Sree Dhanwanthari Temple: Temple of Lord Dhanwanthari, the Master God of Ayurveda.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  21. ↑ Sree Dhanwanthari Temple Prayikara, Mavelikara.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  22. ↑ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。 「indiatimes.com」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません
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