「ハプログループA (mtDNA)」の版間の差分

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==分布==
 
==分布==
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下位系統のA2は[[チュクチ・カムチャツカ語族|チュクチ・カムチャツカ系]]民族と[[アメリカ先住民]]に高頻度に見られる<ref name="#2">Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. {{PMID|15466285}}. </ref><ref name="#1"/>。
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下位系統のA2はチュクチ・カムチャツカ系民族とアメリカ先住民に高頻度に見られる<ref name="#2">Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID:15466285. </ref><ref name="#1"/>。
  
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その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、[[アジア]]において広くみられる<ref name = "Pimenoff2008">Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101</ref><ref name = "Fuku2007">Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202</ref>。[[アジア]]では、A(xA2)は特に、[[中国]]南西部、[[チベット人]]などの[[チベット・ビルマ語派|チベット・ビルマ系]]民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,<ref name="#2"/> 25/216 = 11.6%,<ref name = "Ji2012">Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109</ref> 11/73 = 15.1%<ref name = "Ji2012" />)みられる。また[[朝鮮民族]]の約7∼15%<ref name = "Derenko2007">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933</ref><ref name = "Jin2009">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009)]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. {{doi|10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7}}</ref>
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その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、アジアにおいて広くみられる<ref name = "Pimenoff2008">Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101</ref><ref name = "Fuku2007">Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202</ref>。アジアでは、A(xA2)は特に、中国南西部、チベット人などのチベット・ビルマ系民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,<ref name="#2"/> 25/216 = 11.6%,<ref name = "Ji2012">Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109</ref> 11/73 = 15.1%<ref name = "Ji2012" />)みられる。また朝鮮民族の約7∼15%<ref name = "Derenko2007">Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933</ref><ref name = "Jin2009">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009)]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7</ref>
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、[[日本人]]の約5~12%、<ref name="#2"/><ref name = "Umetsu2005">Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0025835}}</ref>、[[モンゴル人]]の4~13%<ref name = "Jin2009" /><ref name = "Kong2003" /><ref name = "Derenko2007" />、[[漢民族]]の約3~9%<ref name = "Umetsu2005" />が属す。[[ベトナム人]]<ref name = "Jin2009" />、[[タタール人]]<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065</ref>、[[トルコ人]]<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2488347|title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan|year=2008|volume=9|pmid=18637195|last1=Marchani|first1=EE|last2=Watkins|first2=WS|last3=Bulayeva|first3=K|last4=Harpending|first4=HC|last5=Jorde|first5=LB|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47|journal=BMC genetics}}</ref> [[ペルシャ人]]、[[タジク人]]<ref name = "Derenko2007" /> など、アジア大陸では広く見られるが、[[オーストロネシア語族|オーストロネシア系]]民族（[[マレー諸島]]）<ref name = "Tabbada2010">Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215</ref>ではほとんど見られない。
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、'''日本人'''の約5~12%、<ref name="#2"/><ref name = "Umetsu2005">Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0025835}}</ref>、[[モンゴル人]]の4~13%<ref name = "Jin2009" /><ref name = "Kong2003" /><ref name = "Derenko2007" />、[[漢民族]]の約3~9%<ref name = "Umetsu2005" />が属す。[[ベトナム人]]<ref name = "Jin2009" />、[[タタール人]]<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065</ref>、[[トルコ人]]<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2488347|title=Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan|year=2008|volume=9|pmid=18637195|last1=Marchani|first1=EE|last2=Watkins|first2=WS|last3=Bulayeva|first3=K|last4=Harpending|first4=HC|last5=Jorde|first5=LB|pages=47|doi=10.1186/1471-2156-9-47|journal=BMC genetics}}</ref> [[ペルシャ人]]、[[タジク人]]<ref name = "Derenko2007" /> など、アジア大陸では広く見られるが、[[オーストロネシア語族|オーストロネシア系]]民族（[[マレー諸島]]）<ref name = "Tabbada2010">Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215</ref>ではほとんど見られない。
  
 
==脚注==
 
==脚注==

2024年11月2日 (土) 13:52時点における版

ハプログループA (mtDNA)（ハプログループA (ミトコンドリアDNA)、ogroup A (mtDNA)）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループNを祖先に持ち「152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319」により定義されるものである[1]。東アジア北部にて50000-30000年前に誕生した[2]。

分布

下位系統のA2はチュクチ・カムチャツカ系民族とアメリカ先住民に高頻度に見られる[3][2]。

その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、アジアにおいて広くみられる[4][5]。アジアでは、A(xA2)は特に、中国南西部、チベット人などのチベット・ビルマ系民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,[3] 25/216 = 11.6%,[6] 11/73 = 15.1%[6])みられる。また朝鮮民族の約7∼15%[7][8][9] 、日本人の約5~12%、[3][10][11][12]、モンゴル人の4~13%[8][9][7]、漢民族の約3~9%[10]が属す。ベトナム人[8]、タタール人[13]、トルコ人[14] ペルシャ人、タジク人[7] など、アジア大陸では広く見られるが、オーストロネシア系民族（マレー諸島）[15]ではほとんど見られない。

脚注

  1. ↑ van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID:18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID:18313026. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID:15466285.
  4. ↑ Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo et al., "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101
  5. ↑ Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva et al., "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", PNAS (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski et al., "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" PLoS ONE (2009)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa et al., "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", Electrophoresis (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129
  11. ↑ Asari M et al., "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", Leg Med (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007
  12. ↑ Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. テンプレート:Doi
  13. ↑ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065
  14. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
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