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ページの作成:「'''Resheph''' (also '''Reshef''' and many other variants, see below; {{lang-phn|𐤓𐤔𐤐}}, ''ršp''; Eblaite ''Rašap'', Egyptian lan…」
'''Resheph''' (also '''Reshef''' and many other variants, see below; {{lang-phn|𐤓𐤔𐤐}}, ''ršp''; [[Eblaite language|Eblaite]] ''Rašap'', [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] ''{{lang|egy|ršpw}}'') was a deity associated with [[Plague (disease)|plague]] (or a personification of plague), either war or strong protection,<ref>Christiane Zivie-Coche , "Foreign Deities in Egypt", UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology p 6</ref> and sometimes thunder in [[ancient Canaanite religion]]. The originally [[Ebla]]ite and Canaanite god was then more famously adopted into [[ancient Egyptian religion]] in the late [[Bronze Age]] during the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]] (late fifteenth century BC), also becoming associated with horses and chariots.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/reshep/|title=Reshep | Ancient Egypt Online}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://egyptian-gods.org/egyptian-gods-resheph/|title=Egyptian Gods: Resheph|website=egyptian-gods.org}}</ref>
In [[Biblical Hebrew]], {{Script/Hebrew|רֶשֶׁף}} ''resheph'' is a noun interpreted as "flame, lightning" but also "burning fever, plague, pestilence".<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7565&t=KJV רֶשֶׁף] in Gesenius, ''Hebrew Lexicon''.</ref>
==Etymology==
Resheph is known by a multitude of names, including Rahshaf, Rasap, Rashap, Resep, Reshef, Reshpu, Rapha, Repheth, and others that are not standardized.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>
==Ebla==
{{Hiero|1=ršpw |2=<hiero>r:S-p-w-A40</hiero><br/><hiero>r:S-p-W-G7</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
The name is found in third millennium tablets from [[Ebla]], as ''Rašap'' (''Ra-ša-ap''), listed as divinity of the cities of Atanni, Gunu, [[Tunip]], and [[Shechem]]. Rasap was one of the chief deities of Ebla, with one of the four city gates named in his honor.<ref>Giovanni Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay. Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1981 {{ISBN|0-385-13152-6}}</ref>
References to ''ršp gn'' or ''gunu(m)'' have been found at Ugarit and Ebla, respectively. These have been variously interpreted as associating Resheph with the shield and protection, or the city Gunu, or gardens, or the cemetery.<ref>{{citation|title=Studi semitici|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HQvAQAAIAAJ&q=gn+gunu+garden+pettinato+dahood|year=1981}}</ref><ref name="López-Grande">{{cite book|last1=López Grande|first1=Maria José|title=El dios Reshep: análisis arqueológico, iconográfico y epigráfico de una divinidad semítica|date=October 1993|publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Madrid|location=Madrid|isbn=978-84-695-0421-5|pages=56–60, 68, 99–100, 136, 899, 901|hdl=10486/6913}}</ref><ref name="OlmoLeteSanmartín2015">{{cite book|last1=del Olmo Lete|first1=Gregorio|last2=Sanmartín|first2=Joaquín|title=A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (2 vols): Third Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=12 February 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28865-2|pages=299–}}</ref>
In Eblaite texts from the 3rd millennium BCE the goddess Adamma, sometimes also associated with ''gunu(m)'',<ref>A. Archi, ''Cult of the Ancestors and Funerary Practices at Ebla'' [in:] ''Ebla and Its Archives. Texts, History, and Society'', 2015, p. 546-547</ref> was his wife. However, this tradition is absent from later sources, and Adamma instead reappeared in a dyad alongside [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]], a goddess associated with lawsuits, known from [[Carchemish]].<ref>A. Archi, ''The Gods of Ebla'' [in:] J. Eidem, C.H. van Zoest (eds.), ''[https://www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/annual-report-nino-and-nit-2010 Annual Report NINO and NIT 2010]'', 2011, p. 7</ref>
Several Eblaite documents list the offerings made to Resheph and his spouse Adamma in Tunip alongside these to [[Hadabal]] in Hamat, which may indicate these towns were located close to each other.<ref>A. Archi, [http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Archi_Hamath-Niya-and-Tunip-in-the-3rd-millennium-B.C..pdf ''Hamath, Niya and Tunip in the 3rd Millennium B.C. according to the Ebla documents''], ''Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici'' 52, 2010, p. 38</ref> Resheph, Hadabal and [[Hadad]] all received an offering consisting out of two pairs of bull horns and a mace each year.<ref>A. Archi, ''Šamagan and the Mules of Ebla. Syrian Gods in Sumerian Disguise'' [in:] S. Valentini, G. Guarducci (eds.), ''[https://www.avasa.it/pubblicazioni/Valentini%20&%20Guarducci%202019%20SANEM%203%20O%20.pdf Between Syria and The Highlands. Studies in Honor of Giorgio Buccellati & Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati]'', 2019, p. 43</ref>
==Ugarit==
''Ršp'' was an important [[Ugarit]]ic deity. He had the byname of ''tġr špš'' "door-warden of the Sun".<ref name="Fauth">Wolfgang Fauth: ''Rezension von: Wolfgang Helck: Betrachtungen zur Großen Göttin und den ihr verbundenen Gottheiten.'' In: ''Gnomon.'' 46.7 (1974), p. 689.</ref> Sacrifices to ''Ršp'' (''ršp gn'') were performed in gardens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wiseman|first1=D. J.|title=Mesopotamian Gardens|journal=Anatolian Studies|date=23 December 2013|volume=33|page=143|doi=10.2307/3642702|jstor=3642702}}</ref>
Ugaritic ''Ršp'' was equated with the [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian deity]] [[Nergal]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barré|first1=M. L.|title=<sup>d</sup>LAMMA and Rešep at Ugarit: The Hittite Connection|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1 January 1978|volume=98|issue=4|pages=465–467|doi=10.2307/599760|jstor=599760}}</ref> Fauth (1974) argued that ''ršp'' in the later Canaanite period no longer referred to a specific god and could be used as a [[byname]], as in ''Rešep-Mikal'' (𐤓𐤔𐤐 𐤌𐤊𐤋) at [[Kition]].<ref name="Fauth"/> Teixidor (1976) based on an epithet ''ḥṣ'' in Kition (interpreted as "arrow"), identifies ''Ršp'' as a plague god who strikes his victims with arrows as Homeric [[Apollo]] (''[[Iliad]]'' {{Iliad|en|I|42|55}}), and argues for an [[interpretatio graeca]] of ''Ršp'' with Apollo in [[Idalium]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Teixidor|first1=Javier|title=The Phoenician Inscriptions of the Cesnola Collection|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|date=1 January 1976|volume=11|page=65|doi=10.2307/1512684|jstor=1512684}}</ref>
Although Resheph is usually equated with Nergal, it has been speculated that sometimes ''Rašap'' could be read as the logogram [[Ninurta|<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA]] in personal nouns,{{sfn|Van Soldt 1991|p=26}}{{sfn| Languages and Cultures in Contact: At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm - Karel van Lerberghe, Gabriela Voet|p=155}} as well as suggesting that the lack of Resheph in the god-lists from [[Emar]] could result from him being identified with Ninurta at times.{{sfn|Ar Or - Volume 73, Orientální ústav (Akademie věd České republiky), Orientální ústav, 2005|p=168}} This would explain how Resheph can embody contradicting divine qualities such as being a god of pestilence and disease on one side, but also of healing if propitiated, on the other – all at once. Thus there would be a "Resheph of plague" and a "Resheph of healing". Another hint at this ambivalent aspect of the god is given by the [[Luwian]] deity named [[Runtiya]] designated with the cuneiform writing <sup>d</sup>LAMMA, that’s been identified as a special version of Resheph called "Rašap of the he-goats" or "Rašap of the birds" (''ršp ṣprm'') in the [[Luwian language|Luwian]]-[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] [[Karatepe Bilingual]],<ref>Wolfgang Fauth: ''Gnomon.'' 46, 1974, pp. 689.</ref> and equated with [[Hermes]] ([[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]),{{sfn|The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East - Maciej M. Münnich|p=213}} when instead [[Ugarit|Ugaritic]] Resheph is usually identified with Nergal who embodies more so the qualities associated with the planet Mars. Runtiya is connected with the deer, similar to the [[Canaan|Canaanite]] deity [[Attar (god)|Attar]] who was associated with the antelope. Although in the [[Hittites|Hittite]]
myth [[Kurunta (god)|Kurunta]]/Runtiya is slain by [[Tarḫunz|Tarhun]] ([[Teshub]]) and a god designated as "Ninurta"; it’s also renown that the logograms <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=499}} and <sup>d</sup>URAŠ{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=500}} are used to write the name of the god [[Tašmišu]] as well, and that Tašmišu whilst being regarded as a brother and ally of the storm-god, is also equated with [[Papsukkal]],{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=553}} a helper or servant of deities, who could have been the one that aided Tarhun in slaying Kurunta and was also designated with the same logographic writing used for the name of Ninurta as well.
Resheph is mentioned in Ugaritic mythological texts such as the epic of ''[[Kirta]]''<ref>tablet 1/CAT 1.14, column 1, lines 18-20; tablet 2/CAT 1.15, column 2, line 6</ref> and ''The Mare and Horon''.<ref>CAT 1.100, lines 30-31</ref>
Although the iconography of Resheph shares the [[gazelle]] with that of the Egyptian-Canaanite [[Shed (deity)|Shed]], Cornelius (1994) writes that "the rest of the attributes are totally different".<ref name="Cornelius1994">{{cite book|last=Cornelius|first=Izak|title=The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5t3JFU__0UC&pg=PA16|year=1994|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-7278-0983-5|page=16}}</ref>
==Egypt==
[[File:Stele of Qadesh upper-frame.jpg|250px|thumb|Egyptian limestone stele depicting [[Qetesh]] standing on a lion and wearing the headdress of [[Hathor]], flanked by [[Min (god)|Min]] (left) and Resheph (right)]]
Probably introduced in [[Egypt]] by the [[Hyksos]], Resheph was not assimilated into the [[Egyptian pantheon]] until the [[New Kingdom]]'s [[Eighteenth Dynasty]] along with other Near Eastern deities. His consort was Itum.<ref name=Wilkinson>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard H.|author-link=Richard H. Wilkinson|year=2003|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|location=New York|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05120-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/126 126–127]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/126}}</ref><ref name=Hart>{{cite book |last=Hart|first=George|year=2005|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00hart|url-access=limited|location=London/New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-02362-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00hart/page/n153 137]}}</ref> He was frequently associated with [[Seth (god)|Seth]] and [[Montu]], other [[War deity|deities related to war and plague]], but he also formed a triad with [[Min (deity)|Min]] and [[Qetesh]]. Qetesh was connected with [[Hathor]], but not synonymous with her.
He was usually depicted anthropomorphically, as a man brandishing a weapon, sporting a typical Syrian beard, and wearing the [[white crown]] of Egypt and/or a [[gazelle]]’s head on his own.<ref name=Wilkinson/><ref name=Hart/> A temple dedicated to him is attested in [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], but he was likely worshipped in many [[Nile Delta]] regions. His cult survived well into the [[Ptolemaic Period]].<ref name=Wilkinson/>
As a war deity, he was related to kingship as shown by a stele erected by [[Amenhotep II]] near the [[Great Sphinx]].<ref name=Wilkinson/> For the same reason, his bellicose nature became associated with fighting diseases such as abdominal pain, believed to be caused by a demon called Akha.<ref name=Hart/>
The [[theonym]] is usually written as hieroglyphic ''ršpw'', where the final ''-w'' is added in analogy to other Egyptian divine names.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3424502634/reshef.html Reshef], ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' (2005).</ref>
== Anatolia ==
Resheph was one of the Western Semitic gods adopted by the [[Hurrians]] (other examples include [[Ishara]], [[Hebat]] and Eblaite war god [[Aštabi]]). He appears in [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] texts under the name Aršappa or Iršappa, often with the epithet "(tutelary god) of the market," and was among the gods incorporated into the pantheons of [[Samuha]] and the [[Hittite Empire|Hittite]] capital [[Hattusa]] under the influence of [[Hurrian religion]].<ref>A. Archi, [https://www.academia.edu/7003610/The_West_Hurrian_Pantheon_and_Its_Background ''The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background''] [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, ''Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman'', 2013, p. 14</ref>
==Hebrew Bible==
In [[Biblical Hebrew]], ''resheph'' {{Script/Hebrew|רֶשֶׁף}} means "flame, firebolt", derived from {{Script/Hebrew|שָׂרַף}} "to burn".<ref>[[Strong's Concordance]] [https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7565&t=KJV H7565]</ref> ''Resheph'' as a personal name, a grandson of [[Ephraim]], occurs in {{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|7:25|KJV}} (here written as ''Rephah'' in [[King James Version]]). The [[Latin Vulgate]] renders his name as ''Reseph''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=13&c=7|title=Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ|website=latinvulgate.com}}</ref>
In [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] 3:5, describing the procession of [[El (deity)|Eloah]] ({{Script/Hebrew|אֱל֙וֹהַ֙}}) from [[Teman (Edom)|Teman]] and [[Desert of Paran|Mount Paran]], mention ''deber'' and ''resheph'' as going before him, in the [[King James Version]] translated as "pestilence" and "burning coals". Due to the discovery of both ''deber'' and ''resheph'' as theonyms in [[Ebla]], this passage has been reinterpreted as describing a procession of the retinue of El going to war with [[Yam (god)|Yam]].<ref>John Day, "New Light on the Mythological Background of the Allusion to Resheph in Habakkuk III 5", ''Vetus Testamentum'' 29.3 (1979), 353–355.</ref> In [[Book of Job|Job]] 5:7, there is mention of the "sons of ''resheph''", translated in the [[Septuagint]] as {{lang|grc|νεοσσοὶ δὲ γυπὸς}}, "the young of the vulture",<ref name="Dunham2016">{{cite book|last=Dunham|first=Kyle|title=The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duc2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|year=2016|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-7459-3|page=24, footnote 30}}</ref> and in the [[King James Version]] as "sparks".
==In popular culture==
In the 1998 animated historical film, ''[[Prince of Egypt]]'', the Egyptian high priests Hotep and Huy invoke the name of Resheph (as ''Reshpu'') during their song "Playing with the Big Boys now", as part of a pseudo-magical show to trick [[Moses]].
In the book saga ''[[Lords of Deliverance]]'' from [[Larissa Ione]], the fourth horseman is called Reseph, the personification of Sickness and Plagues and the brother of the first horseman [[Ares]], personification of war, of the second horseman [[Limos]] (who is the only woman of the group), personification of Hunger, and of the third horseman [[Thanatos]], personification of Death.
==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology|Asia}}
* [[Ancient Canaanite religion]]
* [[Religions of the ancient Near East]]
* [[Shed (deity)]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
* Wolfgang Helck: ''Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.'', (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Band 5) 2. Auflage, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1971 {{ISBN|3-447-01298-6}} ''(Zu Reschef in Ägypten: S. 450-454)''
* [[Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|Lipiński, Edward]]. ''Resheph: A Syro-Canaanite Deity''. Peeters, 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-429-2107-8}}.
* Münnich, Maciej M. ''The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East''. Mohr Siebeck, 2013. {{ISBN|978-3-16-152491-2}}.
* Tazawa, Keiko. ''Syro-Palestinian Deities in New Kingdom Egypt: The Hermeneutics of Their Existence''. British Archaeological Reports, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4073-0448-9}}.
{{Middle Eastern mythology}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer|collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:フルリ神話]]
[[Category:Phoenician mythology]]
[[Category:Egyptian gods]]
[[Category:Deities in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Plague gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]
[[Category:Hurrian deities]]
[[Category:Eblaite deities]]
[[Category:Ugaritic deities]]
In [[Biblical Hebrew]], {{Script/Hebrew|רֶשֶׁף}} ''resheph'' is a noun interpreted as "flame, lightning" but also "burning fever, plague, pestilence".<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7565&t=KJV רֶשֶׁף] in Gesenius, ''Hebrew Lexicon''.</ref>
==Etymology==
Resheph is known by a multitude of names, including Rahshaf, Rasap, Rashap, Resep, Reshef, Reshpu, Rapha, Repheth, and others that are not standardized.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>
==Ebla==
{{Hiero|1=ršpw |2=<hiero>r:S-p-w-A40</hiero><br/><hiero>r:S-p-W-G7</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
The name is found in third millennium tablets from [[Ebla]], as ''Rašap'' (''Ra-ša-ap''), listed as divinity of the cities of Atanni, Gunu, [[Tunip]], and [[Shechem]]. Rasap was one of the chief deities of Ebla, with one of the four city gates named in his honor.<ref>Giovanni Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay. Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1981 {{ISBN|0-385-13152-6}}</ref>
References to ''ršp gn'' or ''gunu(m)'' have been found at Ugarit and Ebla, respectively. These have been variously interpreted as associating Resheph with the shield and protection, or the city Gunu, or gardens, or the cemetery.<ref>{{citation|title=Studi semitici|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HQvAQAAIAAJ&q=gn+gunu+garden+pettinato+dahood|year=1981}}</ref><ref name="López-Grande">{{cite book|last1=López Grande|first1=Maria José|title=El dios Reshep: análisis arqueológico, iconográfico y epigráfico de una divinidad semítica|date=October 1993|publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Madrid|location=Madrid|isbn=978-84-695-0421-5|pages=56–60, 68, 99–100, 136, 899, 901|hdl=10486/6913}}</ref><ref name="OlmoLeteSanmartín2015">{{cite book|last1=del Olmo Lete|first1=Gregorio|last2=Sanmartín|first2=Joaquín|title=A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (2 vols): Third Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=12 February 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28865-2|pages=299–}}</ref>
In Eblaite texts from the 3rd millennium BCE the goddess Adamma, sometimes also associated with ''gunu(m)'',<ref>A. Archi, ''Cult of the Ancestors and Funerary Practices at Ebla'' [in:] ''Ebla and Its Archives. Texts, History, and Society'', 2015, p. 546-547</ref> was his wife. However, this tradition is absent from later sources, and Adamma instead reappeared in a dyad alongside [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]], a goddess associated with lawsuits, known from [[Carchemish]].<ref>A. Archi, ''The Gods of Ebla'' [in:] J. Eidem, C.H. van Zoest (eds.), ''[https://www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/annual-report-nino-and-nit-2010 Annual Report NINO and NIT 2010]'', 2011, p. 7</ref>
Several Eblaite documents list the offerings made to Resheph and his spouse Adamma in Tunip alongside these to [[Hadabal]] in Hamat, which may indicate these towns were located close to each other.<ref>A. Archi, [http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Archi_Hamath-Niya-and-Tunip-in-the-3rd-millennium-B.C..pdf ''Hamath, Niya and Tunip in the 3rd Millennium B.C. according to the Ebla documents''], ''Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici'' 52, 2010, p. 38</ref> Resheph, Hadabal and [[Hadad]] all received an offering consisting out of two pairs of bull horns and a mace each year.<ref>A. Archi, ''Šamagan and the Mules of Ebla. Syrian Gods in Sumerian Disguise'' [in:] S. Valentini, G. Guarducci (eds.), ''[https://www.avasa.it/pubblicazioni/Valentini%20&%20Guarducci%202019%20SANEM%203%20O%20.pdf Between Syria and The Highlands. Studies in Honor of Giorgio Buccellati & Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati]'', 2019, p. 43</ref>
==Ugarit==
''Ršp'' was an important [[Ugarit]]ic deity. He had the byname of ''tġr špš'' "door-warden of the Sun".<ref name="Fauth">Wolfgang Fauth: ''Rezension von: Wolfgang Helck: Betrachtungen zur Großen Göttin und den ihr verbundenen Gottheiten.'' In: ''Gnomon.'' 46.7 (1974), p. 689.</ref> Sacrifices to ''Ršp'' (''ršp gn'') were performed in gardens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wiseman|first1=D. J.|title=Mesopotamian Gardens|journal=Anatolian Studies|date=23 December 2013|volume=33|page=143|doi=10.2307/3642702|jstor=3642702}}</ref>
Ugaritic ''Ršp'' was equated with the [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian deity]] [[Nergal]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barré|first1=M. L.|title=<sup>d</sup>LAMMA and Rešep at Ugarit: The Hittite Connection|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1 January 1978|volume=98|issue=4|pages=465–467|doi=10.2307/599760|jstor=599760}}</ref> Fauth (1974) argued that ''ršp'' in the later Canaanite period no longer referred to a specific god and could be used as a [[byname]], as in ''Rešep-Mikal'' (𐤓𐤔𐤐 𐤌𐤊𐤋) at [[Kition]].<ref name="Fauth"/> Teixidor (1976) based on an epithet ''ḥṣ'' in Kition (interpreted as "arrow"), identifies ''Ršp'' as a plague god who strikes his victims with arrows as Homeric [[Apollo]] (''[[Iliad]]'' {{Iliad|en|I|42|55}}), and argues for an [[interpretatio graeca]] of ''Ršp'' with Apollo in [[Idalium]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Teixidor|first1=Javier|title=The Phoenician Inscriptions of the Cesnola Collection|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|date=1 January 1976|volume=11|page=65|doi=10.2307/1512684|jstor=1512684}}</ref>
Although Resheph is usually equated with Nergal, it has been speculated that sometimes ''Rašap'' could be read as the logogram [[Ninurta|<sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA]] in personal nouns,{{sfn|Van Soldt 1991|p=26}}{{sfn| Languages and Cultures in Contact: At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm - Karel van Lerberghe, Gabriela Voet|p=155}} as well as suggesting that the lack of Resheph in the god-lists from [[Emar]] could result from him being identified with Ninurta at times.{{sfn|Ar Or - Volume 73, Orientální ústav (Akademie věd České republiky), Orientální ústav, 2005|p=168}} This would explain how Resheph can embody contradicting divine qualities such as being a god of pestilence and disease on one side, but also of healing if propitiated, on the other – all at once. Thus there would be a "Resheph of plague" and a "Resheph of healing". Another hint at this ambivalent aspect of the god is given by the [[Luwian]] deity named [[Runtiya]] designated with the cuneiform writing <sup>d</sup>LAMMA, that’s been identified as a special version of Resheph called "Rašap of the he-goats" or "Rašap of the birds" (''ršp ṣprm'') in the [[Luwian language|Luwian]]-[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] [[Karatepe Bilingual]],<ref>Wolfgang Fauth: ''Gnomon.'' 46, 1974, pp. 689.</ref> and equated with [[Hermes]] ([[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]),{{sfn|The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East - Maciej M. Münnich|p=213}} when instead [[Ugarit|Ugaritic]] Resheph is usually identified with Nergal who embodies more so the qualities associated with the planet Mars. Runtiya is connected with the deer, similar to the [[Canaan|Canaanite]] deity [[Attar (god)|Attar]] who was associated with the antelope. Although in the [[Hittites|Hittite]]
myth [[Kurunta (god)|Kurunta]]/Runtiya is slain by [[Tarḫunz|Tarhun]] ([[Teshub]]) and a god designated as "Ninurta"; it’s also renown that the logograms <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=499}} and <sup>d</sup>URAŠ{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=500}} are used to write the name of the god [[Tašmišu]] as well, and that Tašmišu whilst being regarded as a brother and ally of the storm-god, is also equated with [[Papsukkal]],{{sfn|Schwemer|2001|p=553}} a helper or servant of deities, who could have been the one that aided Tarhun in slaying Kurunta and was also designated with the same logographic writing used for the name of Ninurta as well.
Resheph is mentioned in Ugaritic mythological texts such as the epic of ''[[Kirta]]''<ref>tablet 1/CAT 1.14, column 1, lines 18-20; tablet 2/CAT 1.15, column 2, line 6</ref> and ''The Mare and Horon''.<ref>CAT 1.100, lines 30-31</ref>
Although the iconography of Resheph shares the [[gazelle]] with that of the Egyptian-Canaanite [[Shed (deity)|Shed]], Cornelius (1994) writes that "the rest of the attributes are totally different".<ref name="Cornelius1994">{{cite book|last=Cornelius|first=Izak|title=The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5t3JFU__0UC&pg=PA16|year=1994|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-7278-0983-5|page=16}}</ref>
==Egypt==
[[File:Stele of Qadesh upper-frame.jpg|250px|thumb|Egyptian limestone stele depicting [[Qetesh]] standing on a lion and wearing the headdress of [[Hathor]], flanked by [[Min (god)|Min]] (left) and Resheph (right)]]
Probably introduced in [[Egypt]] by the [[Hyksos]], Resheph was not assimilated into the [[Egyptian pantheon]] until the [[New Kingdom]]'s [[Eighteenth Dynasty]] along with other Near Eastern deities. His consort was Itum.<ref name=Wilkinson>{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard H.|author-link=Richard H. Wilkinson|year=2003|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|location=New York|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05120-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/126 126–127]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/126}}</ref><ref name=Hart>{{cite book |last=Hart|first=George|year=2005|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00hart|url-access=limited|location=London/New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-02362-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/routledgediction00hart/page/n153 137]}}</ref> He was frequently associated with [[Seth (god)|Seth]] and [[Montu]], other [[War deity|deities related to war and plague]], but he also formed a triad with [[Min (deity)|Min]] and [[Qetesh]]. Qetesh was connected with [[Hathor]], but not synonymous with her.
He was usually depicted anthropomorphically, as a man brandishing a weapon, sporting a typical Syrian beard, and wearing the [[white crown]] of Egypt and/or a [[gazelle]]’s head on his own.<ref name=Wilkinson/><ref name=Hart/> A temple dedicated to him is attested in [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], but he was likely worshipped in many [[Nile Delta]] regions. His cult survived well into the [[Ptolemaic Period]].<ref name=Wilkinson/>
As a war deity, he was related to kingship as shown by a stele erected by [[Amenhotep II]] near the [[Great Sphinx]].<ref name=Wilkinson/> For the same reason, his bellicose nature became associated with fighting diseases such as abdominal pain, believed to be caused by a demon called Akha.<ref name=Hart/>
The [[theonym]] is usually written as hieroglyphic ''ršpw'', where the final ''-w'' is added in analogy to other Egyptian divine names.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3424502634/reshef.html Reshef], ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' (2005).</ref>
== Anatolia ==
Resheph was one of the Western Semitic gods adopted by the [[Hurrians]] (other examples include [[Ishara]], [[Hebat]] and Eblaite war god [[Aštabi]]). He appears in [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] texts under the name Aršappa or Iršappa, often with the epithet "(tutelary god) of the market," and was among the gods incorporated into the pantheons of [[Samuha]] and the [[Hittite Empire|Hittite]] capital [[Hattusa]] under the influence of [[Hurrian religion]].<ref>A. Archi, [https://www.academia.edu/7003610/The_West_Hurrian_Pantheon_and_Its_Background ''The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background''] [in:] B. J. Collins, P. Michalowski, ''Beyond Hatti. A tribute to Gary Beckman'', 2013, p. 14</ref>
==Hebrew Bible==
In [[Biblical Hebrew]], ''resheph'' {{Script/Hebrew|רֶשֶׁף}} means "flame, firebolt", derived from {{Script/Hebrew|שָׂרַף}} "to burn".<ref>[[Strong's Concordance]] [https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H7565&t=KJV H7565]</ref> ''Resheph'' as a personal name, a grandson of [[Ephraim]], occurs in {{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|7:25|KJV}} (here written as ''Rephah'' in [[King James Version]]). The [[Latin Vulgate]] renders his name as ''Reseph''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=13&c=7|title=Latin Vulgate Bible with Douay-Rheims and King James Version Side-by-Side+Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ|website=latinvulgate.com}}</ref>
In [[Book of Habakkuk|Habakkuk]] 3:5, describing the procession of [[El (deity)|Eloah]] ({{Script/Hebrew|אֱל֙וֹהַ֙}}) from [[Teman (Edom)|Teman]] and [[Desert of Paran|Mount Paran]], mention ''deber'' and ''resheph'' as going before him, in the [[King James Version]] translated as "pestilence" and "burning coals". Due to the discovery of both ''deber'' and ''resheph'' as theonyms in [[Ebla]], this passage has been reinterpreted as describing a procession of the retinue of El going to war with [[Yam (god)|Yam]].<ref>John Day, "New Light on the Mythological Background of the Allusion to Resheph in Habakkuk III 5", ''Vetus Testamentum'' 29.3 (1979), 353–355.</ref> In [[Book of Job|Job]] 5:7, there is mention of the "sons of ''resheph''", translated in the [[Septuagint]] as {{lang|grc|νεοσσοὶ δὲ γυπὸς}}, "the young of the vulture",<ref name="Dunham2016">{{cite book|last=Dunham|first=Kyle|title=The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duc2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|year=2016|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-7459-3|page=24, footnote 30}}</ref> and in the [[King James Version]] as "sparks".
==In popular culture==
In the 1998 animated historical film, ''[[Prince of Egypt]]'', the Egyptian high priests Hotep and Huy invoke the name of Resheph (as ''Reshpu'') during their song "Playing with the Big Boys now", as part of a pseudo-magical show to trick [[Moses]].
In the book saga ''[[Lords of Deliverance]]'' from [[Larissa Ione]], the fourth horseman is called Reseph, the personification of Sickness and Plagues and the brother of the first horseman [[Ares]], personification of war, of the second horseman [[Limos]] (who is the only woman of the group), personification of Hunger, and of the third horseman [[Thanatos]], personification of Death.
==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology|Asia}}
* [[Ancient Canaanite religion]]
* [[Religions of the ancient Near East]]
* [[Shed (deity)]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
* Wolfgang Helck: ''Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.'', (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Band 5) 2. Auflage, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1971 {{ISBN|3-447-01298-6}} ''(Zu Reschef in Ägypten: S. 450-454)''
* [[Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|Lipiński, Edward]]. ''Resheph: A Syro-Canaanite Deity''. Peeters, 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-429-2107-8}}.
* Münnich, Maciej M. ''The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East''. Mohr Siebeck, 2013. {{ISBN|978-3-16-152491-2}}.
* Tazawa, Keiko. ''Syro-Palestinian Deities in New Kingdom Egypt: The Hermeneutics of Their Existence''. British Archaeological Reports, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4073-0448-9}}.
{{Middle Eastern mythology}}
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[[Category:フルリ神話]]
[[Category:Phoenician mythology]]
[[Category:Egyptian gods]]
[[Category:Deities in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Plague gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]
[[Category:Hurrian deities]]
[[Category:Eblaite deities]]
[[Category:Ugaritic deities]]
