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ページの作成:「'''Adamma''' was a goddess from the pantheon of Ebla, later incorporated into Hurrian religion. == Origin == Alfonso Archi, a researcher of Eblaite culture and r…」
'''Adamma''' was a goddess from the pantheon of [[Ebla]], later incorporated into [[Hurrian religion]].
== Origin ==
Alfonso Archi, a researcher of Eblaite culture and religion, considers Adamma to most likely be one of the Syrian deity names with origins in a pre-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] and pre-[[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]], much like [[Hadabal]], [[Ishara]], [[Kura (deity)|Kura]] or [[Aštabi]].{{sfn|Archi|1996|p=139}} Another possibility he considers is that her name was derived from the root *''ʾdm'', meaning "blood" or "red."{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=605}}
Hittitologist Piotr Taracha also considers her to be a "Syrian substrate" deity incorporated into [[Hurrian religion]], and based on proposed origin groups her with Aštabi, Ishara, [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]], [[Shalash]] and others.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=119}}
Archi proposes that after the fall of Ebla Adamma was among the deities who did not retain their former position in the religion of the [[Amorites]], who became the dominant culture in [[Syria (region)|Syria]].{{sfn|Archi|1997|p=417}} He lists [[Ammarik]], Aštabi, [[Saggar (god)|Šanugaru]] and [[Hebat|Halabatu]] as other similar examples.{{sfn|Archi|1997|p=417}} He assumes that they were reduced to the status of deities of at best local significance, and as a result were easily incorporated into the religion of the [[Hurrians]] when they arrived in the same area a few centuries later.{{sfn|Archi|1997|pp=417-418}}
== In Eblaite religion ==
Adamma was the spouse of [[Resheph]] in [[Eblaite language|Eblaite]] texts. However, they are not associated with each other anymore in sources from the second millennium BCE.{{sfn|Archi|2011|p=7}}
A ritual dedicated to deceased kings of Ebla featured 8 deities, 6 of them arranged in pairs: Hadabal and his spouse (only known as ''Baaltum'', "the Lady"), Resheph and Adamma, Agu and Guladu, and additionally a deity whose name is missing identified as "of Darib" (a village connected to cult of deceased kings) and Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2015|pp=530-531}} Administrative records mention the purchase of belts for Adamma.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=208}} However, in offering lists she overall appears less frequently than Kura, Hadabal, Resheph or Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=679}} Additionally, Adamma was among the Eblaite deities who seemingly didn't have any annual renewal rite (the prime example of which was the yearly preparation of a new silver face for the statue of Kura). Other deities sharing this characteristic were Kura's spouse [[Barama (goddess)|Barama]] and Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2013a|p=224}}
Adamma also did not appear as a theophoric element in personal names. The only possible "substratum" deities recorded in such a role are Kura and, much less frequently, [[Hadabal]]. Alfonso Archi interprets this as a sign that name-giving traditions of Ebla predated the contact with the culture of the "substratum" from which these deities were originally received.{{sfn|Archi|1996|p=141}}
The epithet ''gunu(m)'', associated most commonly with Resheph, occasionally was linked to Adamma as well. Its meaning is uncertain. While it has been proposed that ''gunu(m)'' was a burial place (based on [[Ugarit]]ic parallels), Alfonso Archi notes Resheph does not appear to have a connection to funerals in Eblaite texts, and that in this context he was instead most commonly associated with [[Ea (Babylonian god)|Ea]], Kura or the sun deity.{{sfn|Archi|2015|pp=546=547}}
Hadani was a mayor center of worship of Adamma and her husband in the Ebla period.{{sfn|Archi|2010a|p=9}} It was possible for daughters of kings of allied cities (the recorded example being the princess of Huzan{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=708}}) to become the ''dam-digir'' ("woman of the deity"), or head priestess, of Adamma in that location. Analogous offices existed for Hadabal, but these were seemingly reserved for Eblaite princesses. Daughters of viziers were ''dam-digir'' of unspecified deities as well. The fact that Adamma is a goddess rather than a god indicates that it's far from certain if ''dam-digir'' can be understood as a priestess partaking in a "[[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]]" ritual as sometimes proposed, according to Alfonso Archi.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=259}}
Another important cult center of Adamma and Resheph was Tunip, likely located close to Hamat, a settlement associated with Hadabal.{{sfn|Archi|2010|p=38}}
==Later relevance==
After the fall of Ebla, some of the deities largely unique to its pantheon disappeared from records, most notably Kura, Barama and Hadabal.{{sfn|Archi|2011|p=6}} The fate of Adamma, as well as Aštabi, Saggar and a number of other Eblaite deities, was different. While for the most part they had no major role in religion of the [[Amorites]] (Ishara being a partial exception), who became the dominant power in [[Syria]] after the fall of Ebla, the [[Hurrians]], who spread through the region in the early second millennium BCE, incorporated them into own religion.{{sfn|Archi|1997|pp=417-418}}
Adamma formed a dyad with [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]] in Hurrian sources.{{sfn|Archi|2013|p=15}} Worship of pairs of deities almost as if they were a unity was a common feature of Hurrian religion and other examples include [[Allani]] and [[Ishara]], [[Ninatta and Kulitta]], [[Hutena and Hutellura]]{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=128}} and [[Pinikir]] and [[Goddess of the Night (Hurrian)|Goddess of the Night]].{{sfn|Miller|2008|p=68}}
Sometimes the Adamma-Kubaba dyad was expanded into a trio with the addition of the goddess Hašuntarhi.{{sfn|Archi|2013|p=17}}{{sfn|Hutter|2017|p=114}}
In rituals linked to the ''hišuwa'' festival from [[Kizzuwatna]] Adamma appeared alongside other Hurrian deities, Kubaba and [[Nupatik]].{{sfn|Hutter|2017|p=115}}
In [[Emar]] a month was named after her.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=568}}
== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Il in the Personal Names|journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung|url=https://www.academia.edu/42946653|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|volume=91|issue=2|year=1996|issn=2196-6877|doi=10.1524/olzg.1996.91.2.133}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Studies in the Ebla Pantheon II|journal=Orientalia|publisher=GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press|volume=66|issue=4|year=1997|issn=0030-5367|jstor=43078145|pages=414–425|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43078145|access-date=2022-03-09}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Hamath, Niya and Tunip in the 3rd Millennium B.C. according to the Ebla documents|journal=Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici|volume=52|issue=1|year=2010|issn=1126-6651|pages=33–39|url=http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Archi_Hamath-Niya-and-Tunip-in-the-3rd-millennium-B.C..pdf|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=HADDA OF ḪALAB AND HIS TEMPLE IN THE EBLA PERIOD|journal=Iraq|publisher=British Institute for the Study of Iraq, Cambridge University Press|volume=72|year=2010a|issn=00210889|jstor=20779017|pages=3–17|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20779017|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Annual Report NINO and NIT 2010|chapter=The Gods of Ebla|year=2011|url=https://www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/annual-report-nino-and-nit-2010|publisher=The Netherlands Institute for the Near East|publication-place=Leiden, Istanbul|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|chapter=The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7003610| editor1-last=Collins|editor1-first=B. J.|editor2-last=Michalowski|editor2-first=P.|title=Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman|publisher=Lockwood Press|publication-place=Atlanta|year=2013|isbn=978-1-937040-11-6|oclc=882106763}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Ritualization at Ebla|url=https://www.academia.edu/6637106|journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions|publisher=Brill|volume=13|issue=2|year=2013a|issn=1569-2116|doi=10.1163/15692124-12341253|pages=212–237}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Ebla and Its Archives|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2015|isbn=978-1-61451-716-0|doi=10.1515/9781614517887}}
*{{cite book|last=Haas|first=Volkert|title=Geschichte der hethitischen Religion|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-29394-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOh5DwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Hutter| first=Manfred|title=Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche's 100th Birthday|chapter=Kubaba in the Hittite Empire and the Consequences for her Expansion to Western Anatolia|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/3498|publisher=Institut français d'études anatoliennes|year=2017|isbn=978-2-36245-083-9|oclc=1286359422}}
*{{cite book | last=Miller| first=Jared L.|chapter=Setting Up the Goddess of the Night Separately|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/358304|title=Anatolian interfaces: Hittites, Greeks, and their neighbours: proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-cultural Interaction, September 17-19, 2004, Emory University, Atlanta, GA|publisher=Oxbow Books |publication-place=Oxford| year=2008|isbn=978-1-84217-270-4 | oclc=880878828}}
*{{cite book|first=Piotr|last=Taracha|title=Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia |publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=978-3447058858}}
{{refend}}
{{Hurrian mythology}}
[[Category:フルリ神話]]
[[Category:Hittite deities]]
[[Category:Eblaite deities]]
[[Category:Ugaritic deities]]
== Origin ==
Alfonso Archi, a researcher of Eblaite culture and religion, considers Adamma to most likely be one of the Syrian deity names with origins in a pre-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] and pre-[[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] [[Substratum (linguistics)|substratum]], much like [[Hadabal]], [[Ishara]], [[Kura (deity)|Kura]] or [[Aštabi]].{{sfn|Archi|1996|p=139}} Another possibility he considers is that her name was derived from the root *''ʾdm'', meaning "blood" or "red."{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=605}}
Hittitologist Piotr Taracha also considers her to be a "Syrian substrate" deity incorporated into [[Hurrian religion]], and based on proposed origin groups her with Aštabi, Ishara, [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]], [[Shalash]] and others.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=119}}
Archi proposes that after the fall of Ebla Adamma was among the deities who did not retain their former position in the religion of the [[Amorites]], who became the dominant culture in [[Syria (region)|Syria]].{{sfn|Archi|1997|p=417}} He lists [[Ammarik]], Aštabi, [[Saggar (god)|Šanugaru]] and [[Hebat|Halabatu]] as other similar examples.{{sfn|Archi|1997|p=417}} He assumes that they were reduced to the status of deities of at best local significance, and as a result were easily incorporated into the religion of the [[Hurrians]] when they arrived in the same area a few centuries later.{{sfn|Archi|1997|pp=417-418}}
== In Eblaite religion ==
Adamma was the spouse of [[Resheph]] in [[Eblaite language|Eblaite]] texts. However, they are not associated with each other anymore in sources from the second millennium BCE.{{sfn|Archi|2011|p=7}}
A ritual dedicated to deceased kings of Ebla featured 8 deities, 6 of them arranged in pairs: Hadabal and his spouse (only known as ''Baaltum'', "the Lady"), Resheph and Adamma, Agu and Guladu, and additionally a deity whose name is missing identified as "of Darib" (a village connected to cult of deceased kings) and Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2015|pp=530-531}} Administrative records mention the purchase of belts for Adamma.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=208}} However, in offering lists she overall appears less frequently than Kura, Hadabal, Resheph or Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=679}} Additionally, Adamma was among the Eblaite deities who seemingly didn't have any annual renewal rite (the prime example of which was the yearly preparation of a new silver face for the statue of Kura). Other deities sharing this characteristic were Kura's spouse [[Barama (goddess)|Barama]] and Ishara.{{sfn|Archi|2013a|p=224}}
Adamma also did not appear as a theophoric element in personal names. The only possible "substratum" deities recorded in such a role are Kura and, much less frequently, [[Hadabal]]. Alfonso Archi interprets this as a sign that name-giving traditions of Ebla predated the contact with the culture of the "substratum" from which these deities were originally received.{{sfn|Archi|1996|p=141}}
The epithet ''gunu(m)'', associated most commonly with Resheph, occasionally was linked to Adamma as well. Its meaning is uncertain. While it has been proposed that ''gunu(m)'' was a burial place (based on [[Ugarit]]ic parallels), Alfonso Archi notes Resheph does not appear to have a connection to funerals in Eblaite texts, and that in this context he was instead most commonly associated with [[Ea (Babylonian god)|Ea]], Kura or the sun deity.{{sfn|Archi|2015|pp=546=547}}
Hadani was a mayor center of worship of Adamma and her husband in the Ebla period.{{sfn|Archi|2010a|p=9}} It was possible for daughters of kings of allied cities (the recorded example being the princess of Huzan{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=708}}) to become the ''dam-digir'' ("woman of the deity"), or head priestess, of Adamma in that location. Analogous offices existed for Hadabal, but these were seemingly reserved for Eblaite princesses. Daughters of viziers were ''dam-digir'' of unspecified deities as well. The fact that Adamma is a goddess rather than a god indicates that it's far from certain if ''dam-digir'' can be understood as a priestess partaking in a "[[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]]" ritual as sometimes proposed, according to Alfonso Archi.{{sfn|Archi|2015|p=259}}
Another important cult center of Adamma and Resheph was Tunip, likely located close to Hamat, a settlement associated with Hadabal.{{sfn|Archi|2010|p=38}}
==Later relevance==
After the fall of Ebla, some of the deities largely unique to its pantheon disappeared from records, most notably Kura, Barama and Hadabal.{{sfn|Archi|2011|p=6}} The fate of Adamma, as well as Aštabi, Saggar and a number of other Eblaite deities, was different. While for the most part they had no major role in religion of the [[Amorites]] (Ishara being a partial exception), who became the dominant power in [[Syria]] after the fall of Ebla, the [[Hurrians]], who spread through the region in the early second millennium BCE, incorporated them into own religion.{{sfn|Archi|1997|pp=417-418}}
Adamma formed a dyad with [[Kubaba (goddess)|Kubaba]] in Hurrian sources.{{sfn|Archi|2013|p=15}} Worship of pairs of deities almost as if they were a unity was a common feature of Hurrian religion and other examples include [[Allani]] and [[Ishara]], [[Ninatta and Kulitta]], [[Hutena and Hutellura]]{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=128}} and [[Pinikir]] and [[Goddess of the Night (Hurrian)|Goddess of the Night]].{{sfn|Miller|2008|p=68}}
Sometimes the Adamma-Kubaba dyad was expanded into a trio with the addition of the goddess Hašuntarhi.{{sfn|Archi|2013|p=17}}{{sfn|Hutter|2017|p=114}}
In rituals linked to the ''hišuwa'' festival from [[Kizzuwatna]] Adamma appeared alongside other Hurrian deities, Kubaba and [[Nupatik]].{{sfn|Hutter|2017|p=115}}
In [[Emar]] a month was named after her.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=568}}
== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Il in the Personal Names|journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung|url=https://www.academia.edu/42946653|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|volume=91|issue=2|year=1996|issn=2196-6877|doi=10.1524/olzg.1996.91.2.133}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Studies in the Ebla Pantheon II|journal=Orientalia|publisher=GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press|volume=66|issue=4|year=1997|issn=0030-5367|jstor=43078145|pages=414–425|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43078145|access-date=2022-03-09}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Hamath, Niya and Tunip in the 3rd Millennium B.C. according to the Ebla documents|journal=Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici|volume=52|issue=1|year=2010|issn=1126-6651|pages=33–39|url=http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Archi_Hamath-Niya-and-Tunip-in-the-3rd-millennium-B.C..pdf|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=HADDA OF ḪALAB AND HIS TEMPLE IN THE EBLA PERIOD|journal=Iraq|publisher=British Institute for the Study of Iraq, Cambridge University Press|volume=72|year=2010a|issn=00210889|jstor=20779017|pages=3–17|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20779017|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Annual Report NINO and NIT 2010|chapter=The Gods of Ebla|year=2011|url=https://www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/annual-report-nino-and-nit-2010|publisher=The Netherlands Institute for the Near East|publication-place=Leiden, Istanbul|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|chapter=The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7003610| editor1-last=Collins|editor1-first=B. J.|editor2-last=Michalowski|editor2-first=P.|title=Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman|publisher=Lockwood Press|publication-place=Atlanta|year=2013|isbn=978-1-937040-11-6|oclc=882106763}}
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Ritualization at Ebla|url=https://www.academia.edu/6637106|journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions|publisher=Brill|volume=13|issue=2|year=2013a|issn=1569-2116|doi=10.1163/15692124-12341253|pages=212–237}}
*{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Ebla and Its Archives|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2015|isbn=978-1-61451-716-0|doi=10.1515/9781614517887}}
*{{cite book|last=Haas|first=Volkert|title=Geschichte der hethitischen Religion|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-29394-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOh5DwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=2022-03-15}}
*{{cite book|last=Hutter| first=Manfred|title=Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche's 100th Birthday|chapter=Kubaba in the Hittite Empire and the Consequences for her Expansion to Western Anatolia|chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/ifeagd/3498|publisher=Institut français d'études anatoliennes|year=2017|isbn=978-2-36245-083-9|oclc=1286359422}}
*{{cite book | last=Miller| first=Jared L.|chapter=Setting Up the Goddess of the Night Separately|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/358304|title=Anatolian interfaces: Hittites, Greeks, and their neighbours: proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-cultural Interaction, September 17-19, 2004, Emory University, Atlanta, GA|publisher=Oxbow Books |publication-place=Oxford| year=2008|isbn=978-1-84217-270-4 | oclc=880878828}}
*{{cite book|first=Piotr|last=Taracha|title=Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia |publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=978-3447058858}}
{{refend}}
{{Hurrian mythology}}
[[Category:フルリ神話]]
[[Category:Hittite deities]]
[[Category:Eblaite deities]]
[[Category:Ugaritic deities]]
