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Macha, daughter of [[Ernmas]], of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], appears in many early sources. She is often mentioned together with her sisters, マリー＝ルイーズ・ショーステットはマッハについてこう書いている。「この第二のマッハの人物の中に、地元の女神の新しい側面、すなわち戦士と支配者の側面を発見する。」「これは、他の神話に再び現れる特定の方法で性的側面と組み合わされている。」「男性のパートナーまたはパートナーは女性に支配されている。」と<ref name="[[Badb]] and [[The Morrígan|Morrigu]], whose name was [[Anann|Anand]]Sjoestedt". The three (with varying names) are often considered a [[Triple deities#Triple goddesses|triple goddess]] associated with war.<ref>James MacKillop, ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 281–282</ref> ''O'Mulconry's Glossary'', a thirteenthMarie-century compilation of [[gloss (annotation)|glosses]] from medieval manuscripts preserved in the ''[[Yellow Book of Lecan]]''Louise Sjoestedt, describes Macha as "one of the three ''morrígna''" (the plural of ''[[Morrígan]]'')Translated by Myles Dillon, Gods and says the term ''Mesrad Machae'', "the [[Mast (botany)|mast]] of Macha", refers to "the heads of men that have been slaughtered". A version Heroes of the same gloss in MS H.3.18 identifies Macha with BadbCelts, calling the trio "raven women" who instigate battle.<ref>Angelique Gulermovich Epstein2nd, ''War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts''1982, September 1998Turtle Island Foundation, pp. 49–52.</ref> Keating explicitly calls them "goddesses"Berkeley,<ref>Geoffrey KeatingCA, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [httphttps://wwwarchive.ucc.ieorg/celtdetails/publishedgodsheroesofcelt00sjoe/T100054page/text021.html 1.1128 28–9]</ref> but medieval Irish tradition was keen to remove all trace of pre, isbn:0-913666-Christian religion. Macha is said to have been killed by [[Balor]] during the battle with the [[Fomorians]].<ref name=LGE52-60,621,64>''[http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html Lebor Gabála Érenn §60, 62, 64] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225248/http:/details/www.maryjones.usgodsheroesofcelt00sjoe/ctextspage/lebor4.html |date=15 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name=stokes>Whitley Stokes (ed & trans), ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html The Second Battle of Moytura]'', p. 10128</ref>。
[[Marie-Louise Sjoestedt]] writes of this figure: "In the person of this second Macha we discover a new aspect of the local goddess, that of the warrior and dominator; and this is combined with the sexual aspect in a specific manner which reappears in other myths, the male partner or partners being dominated by the female."<ref name="Sjoestedt">{{cite book |first=Marie-Louise |last=Sjoestedt |others=Translated by Myles Dillon |title=Gods and Heroes of the Celts |edition=2nd |year=1982 |publisher=Turtle Island Foundation |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsheroesofcelt00sjoe/page/28 28–9] |isbn=0-913666-52-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/godsheroesofcelt00sjoe/page/28 }}</ref>この物語『アルスター人の衰弱（Noínden Ulad）』は、エマイン・マッハという名前の意味を説明し、半神的英雄クーフリン以外のアルスター人が、なぜ『クーリーの牛追い（Táin Bó Cuailnge）』でアルスターの侵略に抵抗できなかったのかを説明している。
==Macha, wife of Cruinniuc==
Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, was the wife of [[Cruinniuc]], an Ulster farmer. Some time after the death of Cruinniuc's first wife, Macha appears at his house. Without speaking, she begins [[Housekeeping|keeping the house]] and acting as his wife. Soon she becomes pregnant by him. As long as they were together Cruinniuc's wealth grew. When he leaves to attend a festival organised by the king of Ulster, she warns him that she will only stay with him so long as he does not speak of her to anyone, and he promises to say nothing. However, during a chariot race, he boasts that his wife can run faster than the king's horses. The king orders Cruinniuc be held on pain of death unless he can make good on his claim. Although she is heavily pregnant, Macha is brought to the gathering and the king forces her to race the horses. She wins the race, but then cries out in pain as she gives birth to twins on the finish line; a boy named Fír ("True") and a girl named Fial ("Modest").<ref name=dindsenchas-rennes-094-Ard_Macha/> For disrespecting and humiliating her, she curses the men of Ulster to be overcome with weakness—as weak "as a woman in childbirth"—at the time of their greatest need. This weakness would last for five days and the curse would last for nine generations. Thereafter, the place where Macha gave birth would be called ''Emain Macha'', or "Macha's twins".<ref name=noinden_ulad>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/debility.html |title=The Debility of the Ulstermen |access-date=20 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226141502/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/debility.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=<!--not dead-->}}</ref><ref name=noinden_ulad-hull/>
→マッハ、クルイニクの妻
== マッハ、エルンマスの娘 ==
マッハはトゥアハ・デ・ダナーンのエルンマスの娘で、多くの初期文献に登場する。マッハは姉妹である「[[バズヴ]]とモルリグ、その名はアナンド」と一緒に語られることが多い<ref name=LGE-62,64>''[http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html Lebor Gabála Érenn §62, 64] , https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225248/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html, 15 July 2010</ref>。この3人（名前は様々）は、戦争に関連する三重の女神とされることが多い<ref>James MacKillop, ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 281–282</ref>。レカンの黄色い本に保存されている中世の写本から13世紀に編纂されたO'Mulconry's Glossaryは、マッハを「3つのモリグナ（[[モリガン]]の複数形）の一つ」とし、「マッハのマスト」と呼ばれるMesrad Machaeは「虐殺された人間の頭」を指すとしている。MS H.3.18に収録された同解説では、マッハと[[バズヴ]]を同一視し、戦いを仕掛ける3人を「鴉の女」と呼んでいる<ref>Angelique Gulermovich Epstein, ''War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts'', September 1998, pp. 49–52.</ref>。キーティングは彼らを明確に「女神」と呼んでいるが<ref>Geoffrey Keating, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text021.html 1.11]</ref>、中世アイルランドの伝統は、キリスト教以前の宗教の痕跡をすべて取り除くことに熱心であった。マッハは、フォモールとの戦いでバロールに殺されたと言われている<ref name=LGE-60,62,64>''[http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html Lebor Gabála Érenn §60, 62, 64] , https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225248/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/lebor4.html, 15 July 2010 </ref><ref name=stokes>Whitley Stokes (ed & trans), ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300011.html The Second Battle of Moytura]'', p. 101</ref>。
== マッハ・モンルアード ==
Áed Rúad（「赤い火」または「火の王」- ダグザの名前）の娘であるマッハ・モンルアード（Macha Mong Ruad）（「赤い髪」）は、中世の伝説と歴史的伝承によれば、アイルランドのハイキングリストの中で唯一の女王である。彼女の父アエドは、いとこのディトルバとチンバエスと7年ずつ交代で王権を握った。アエドは3度目の国王就任後に亡くなり、再び国王の座が巡ってきたとき、マッハが国王の座を主張した。ディトルバとチンバエスは女性が王位につくことを認めず、戦いになった。マッハが勝利し、ディトルバは殺された。マッハはディトルバの息子たちとの2度目の戦いに勝利し、ディトルバはコナハトの荒野に逃れた。マッハはシンバエスと結婚し、王権を共有した。マッハはハンセン病患者に化けて単身ディトルバの息子たちを追いかけ、セックスしようとする息子たちを順番に倒して縛り上げ、アルスターに３人の身柄を運んだ。ウルステル人は彼らを殺そうとしたが、マッハは彼らを奴隷にし、ウライドの首都となるエマイン・マッハ（アーマー近くのナヴァン要塞）を作らせ、その境界線を自分のブローチで示した（エマイン・マッハという名前は、eó-muin Machaまたは「マッハの首飾り」であることが理由）<ref>Eugene O'Curry, ''Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History'', 1861, [https://www.google.com/books?id=li02AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527&vq=macha Appendix No. XXXVIII]</ref>。マッハは、チンバエスがエマイン・マッハで疫病で死ぬまでの7年間、チンバエスと共に統治し、その後、レヒタイド・リーグに殺されるまでの14年間、独自に統治した<ref>Geoffrey Keating, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text037.html 1.27]-[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text038.html 1.28]</ref><ref>''Annals of the Four Masters'' [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text017.html M4532]-[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text018.html 4546]</ref>。レボル・ガバラは、彼女の治世をプトレマイオス1世ソテル（BC323-283）の治世と同時代としている<ref>R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), ''Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V'', Irish Texts Society, 1956, pp. 263–267</ref>。キーティングの『Foras Feasa ar Éirinn』の年表では、彼女の治世は紀元前468年から461年、『四君子年表』では紀元前661年から654年とされている。
==Macha Mong Ruadマッハ、クルイニクの妻 ==Macha Mong Ruad ("red hair"), daughter of [[Áed Rúad]] ("red fire" or "fire lord" – a サインリス・マックインバスの娘であるマッハは、アルスターの農民であるクルイニクの妻であった。クルイニクの最初の妻が亡くなってからしばらくして、彼の家にマッハが現れた。やがてマッハはクルイニクによって妊娠した。二人が一緒にいる限り、クルイニクの財産は増えていった。アルスター王が主催する祭りに出席するために彼が去ったとき、彼女は、彼が誰にも自分のことを話さない限り、一緒にいることを警告し、彼は何も言わないことを約束した。しかし、クルイニクは戦車競争の際、自分の妻は王の馬より速く走れると自慢した。王は、クルイニクを、その主張が実現しない限り、死罪で拘束するよう命じた。妊娠しているにもかかわらず、マッハは集会に連れてこられ、王は彼女に馬との競争を強要した。レースで優勝した彼女は、ゴールで痛みに耐えながら、Fír（「真実」）とFial（「控えめ」）という名の双子を産んだ<ref name of [[the Dagda]]), was, according to medieval legend and historical tradition, the only queen in the [[List of High Kings of Ireland]]. Her father Áed rotated the kingship with his cousins [[Díthorba]] and [[Cimbáeth]], seven years at a time. Áed died after his third stint as king, and when his turn came round again, Macha claimed the kingship. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused to allow a woman to take the throne, and a battle ensued. Macha won, and Díthorba was killed. She won a second battle against Díthorba's sons, who fled into the wilderness of [[Connacht]]. She married Cimbáeth, with whom she shared the kingship. Macha pursued Díthorba's sons alone, disguised as a [[leper]], and overcame each of them in turn when they tried to have sex with her, tied them up, and carried the three of them bodily to [[Ulster]]. The Ulstermen wanted to have them killed, but Macha instead enslaved them and forced them to build [[Emain Macha]] (Navan Fort near Armagh), to be the capital of the [[Ulaid]], marking out its boundaries with her brooch (explaining the name ''Emain Macha'' as ''eó=dindsenchas-rennes-muin Macha'' or "Macha's neck094-brooch").<ref>Eugene O'Curry, ''Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History'', 1861, [https:Ard_Macha//www.google.com/books?id=li02AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527&vq=macha Appendix No. XXXVIII]</ref> Macha ruled together with Cimbáeth for seven years, until he died of plague at Emain Macha, and then a further fourteen years on her own, until she was killed by [[Rechtaid Rígderg]].。彼女は、自分を軽んじて辱めたアルスターの男たちが、最も必要な時に「産婦のような」弱さに打ちひしがれるよう呪いをかけた。この弱さは5日間、呪いは9世代に渡って続くこととされた。以後、マッハが出産した場所を「エマイン・マッハ」、つまり「マッハの双子」と呼ぶようになった<refname=noinden_ulad>Geoffrey Keating, ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' [httphttps://www.uccancienttexts.ieorg/celtlibrary/publishedceltic/T100054ctexts/text037debility.html 1.27]-[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100054/text038.html 1.28]</ref><ref>''Annals , The Debility of the Four Masters'' [httpUlstermen, 20 October 2007, https://wwwweb.uccarchive.ieorg/celtweb/published20131226141502/T100005A/text017.html M4532]-[http://www.uccmaryjones.ie/celtus/publishedctexts/T100005A/text018debility.html 4546], 26 December 2013</ref> The ''Lebor Gabála'' synchronises her reign to that of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] (323–283 BC).<ref>R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), ''Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V'', Irish Texts Society, 1956, pp. 263–267<name=noinden_ulad-hull/ref> The chronology of Keating's ''Foras Feasa ar Éirinn'' dates her reign to 468–461 BC, the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' to 661–654 BC.。
This tale, ''The Debility of the Ulstermen'' (''[[Noínden Ulad]]'') explains the meaning of the name ''Emain Macha'', and explains why none of the Ulstermen but the semi-divine hero [[Cúchulainn]] could resist the invasion of Ulster in the ''[[Táin Bó Cuailnge]]'' (Cattle Raid of [[Cooley peninsula|Cooley]]).<ref name="koch"/><ref name=noinden_ulad-hull/> It shows that Macha, as goddess of the land and sovereignty, can be vengeful if disrespected,<ref name="green"/> and how the rule of a bad king leads to disaster.<ref>Fee, Christopher and Leeming, David. ''The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother''. Reaktion Books, 2016.</ref>
