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'''エロース'''（'''Ἔρως'''，Erōs）は、ギリシア神話に登場する恋心と性愛を司る神である。ギリシア語で性的な愛や情熱を意味する動詞｢ἔραμαι｣が普通名詞形に変化､神格化された概念である。日本語では長母音を省略して'''エロス'''とも呼ぶ。
None ([[Hesiod]])<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D104 116–122] states that [[Gaia]], [[Tartarus]] and Eros come after [[Chaos (cosmogony)|Chaos]], but this does not necessarily mean that they are the offspring of Chaos. [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz]], pp. [https://www.academia.edu/29883249/GANTZ_Timothy_Early_Greek_myth_a_guide_to_literary_and_artistic_sources_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_1993_ 4–5] writes that, "[w]ith regard to all three of these figures—Gaia, Tartaros, and Eros—we should note that Hesiod does not say they arose ''from'' (as opposed to ''after'') Chaos, although this is often assumed". Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA23 p. 23] says that "[a]lthough it is quite often assumed that all three are born out of Chaos as her offspring, this is not stated by Hesiod nor indeed implied, governed by the same verb ''geneto'' ('came to be'). Gaia, Tartaros and Eros are best regarded as being primal realities like Chaos that came into existence independently of her". Similarly, Caldwell, pp. [[iarchive:hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/2/mode/2up|3]], [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/34/mode/2up?view=theater 35] says that the ''[[Theogony]]'' "begins with the spontaneous appearance of Chaos, Gaia, Tartaros, and Eros (116–122). By their emergence from nothing, without sources or parents, these four are separated from everything that follows."</ref> <!-- Please don't add Chaos as parent without addressing it in the article itself with proper sources --><br>[[Nyx]] ([[Orphic Mysteries|Orphic]] & [[Eleusinian Mysteries|Eleusinian]])<ref name = Theoi/><br>[[Ares]] and [[Aphrodite]]
| siblings = [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]], [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]], [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]], and [[Anteros]]
| children = [[Hedone]]
| mount =
| Roman_equivalent = [[Cupid]], [[Amor (mythology)|Amor]]
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
{{Greek myth (personified)}}
{{Greek myth (primordial)}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Eros''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɪər|ɒ|s|,_|ˈ|ɛr|ɒ|s}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|ɛr|ɒ|s|,_|ˈ|ɛr|oʊ|s}};<ref>[http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/eros ''Oxford Learner's Dictionaries:'' "Eros"]</ref> {{lang-grc|[[wikt:Ἔρως|Ἔρως]]|Érōs|Love, Desire}}) is the [[Greek god]] of love and [[sexual intercourse|sex]]. His [[Roman mythology|Roman]] counterpart was [[Cupid]] ("desire").<ref name=Lar>''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', [[The Book People]], Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref> In the earliest account, he is a [[Greek primordial deities|primordial god]], while in later accounts he is described as one of the children of [[Aphrodite]] and [[Ares]] and, with some of his siblings, was one of the [[Erotes]], a group of winged love gods.
==Etymology==
The Greek {{lang|grc|ἔρως}}, meaning 'desire', comes from {{wikt-lang|grc|ἔραμαι}} 'to desire, love', of uncertain etymology. [[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]] has suggested a [[Pre-Greek]] origin.<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 449.</ref>
== Cult and depiction ==
Eros appears in ancient Greek sources under several different guises. In the earliest sources (the [[cosmogony|cosmogonies]], the earliest philosophers, and texts referring to the [[Greco-Roman mysteries|mystery religions]]), he is one of the [[Greek primordial deities|primordial gods]] involved in the coming into being of the cosmos. In later sources, however, Eros is represented as the son of Aphrodite, whose mischievous interventions in the affairs of gods and mortals cause bonds of love to form, often illicitly. Ultimately, in the later satirical poets, he is represented as a blindfolded child, the precursor to the chubby Renaissance Cupid, whereas in early Greek poetry and art, Eros was depicted as a young adult male who embodies sexual power, and a profound artist.<ref name = Theoi /><ref>"Eros", in S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary''.</ref>
A cult of Eros existed in pre-classical Greece, but it was much less important than that of Aphrodite. However, in late antiquity, Eros was worshiped by a fertility cult in [[Thespiae]]. In [[Athens]], he shared a very popular cult with Aphrodite, and the fourth day of every month was sacred to him (also shared by Herakles, Hermes and Aphrodite).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikalson|first1=Jon D.|title=The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400870325|page=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4p9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186}}</ref>
Eros was one of the [[Erotes (mythology)|Erotes]], along with other figures such as [[Himeros]] and [[Pothos (mythology)#Pothos|Pothos]], who are sometimes considered patrons of homosexual love between males.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|last=Conner |first=Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield|author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7 |page=133}}</ref> Eros is also part of a triad of gods that played roles in homoerotic relationships, along with [[Heracles]] and [[Hermes]], who bestowed qualities of beauty (and loyalty), strength, and eloquence, respectively, onto male lovers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|last=Conner |first=Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield|author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7 |page=132}}</ref>
The [[Thespiae|Thespians]] celebrated the Erotidia ({{lang-grc|Ἐρωτίδεια}}) meaning festivals of Eros.<ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 GR">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0008.tlg001.perseus-grc2:13.12 Athenaeus, ''Deipnosophistae'', 13.12 - Greek]</ref><ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 EN">[https://topostext.org/work/218#13.78 Athenaeus, ''Deipnosophistae'', 13.12 - English]</ref><ref name="Pausanias 9.31.3 EN">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.31.3 Pausanias, ''Description of Greece'', 9.31.3]</ref>
== Mythology ==
===Primordial god===
According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' (c. 700 BC), one of the most ancient of all Greek sources, Eros (the god of love) was the fourth god to come into existence, coming after [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]], [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] (the Earth), and [[Tartarus]] (the abyss).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+116 116–122].</ref>
[[Homer]] does not mention Eros. However, [[Parmenides]] (c. 400 BC), one of the [[pre-socratic|pre-Socratic]] philosophers, makes Eros the first of all the gods to come into existence.<ref>"First of all the gods she devised Erōs." (Parmenides, fragment 13.) (The identity of the "she" is unclear, as Parmenides' work has survived only in fragments.</ref>
The [[Orphic Mysteries|Orphic]] and [[Eleusinian Mysteries]] featured Eros as a very original god, but not quite primordial, since he was the child of Night ([[Nyx]]).<ref name = Theoi>See the article [http://www.theoi.com/Protogenos/Eros.html Eros] at the Theoi Project.</ref> [[Aristophanes]] (c. 400 BC), influenced by [[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]], relates the birth of Eros:
:At the beginning there was only Chaos, Night, dark Erebus, and deep Tartarus. Earth, the air and heaven had no existence. Firstly, blackwinged Night laid a germless egg in the bosom of the infinite deeps of Erebus, and from this, after the revolution of long ages, sprang the graceful Eros with his glittering golden wings, swift as the whirlwinds of the tempest. He mated in deep Tartarus with dark Chaos, winged like himself, and thus hatched forth our race, which was the first to see the light.<ref>Aristophanes, ''Birds'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0026%3Acard%3D685 690–699], translation by [[Eugene O'Neill Jr.]], at the [[Perseus Digital Library]].</ref>
=== Son of Aphrodite and Ares ===
In later myths, he was the son of the deities [[Aphrodite]] and [[Ares]]: it is the Eros of these later myths who is one of the [[erotes]]. Eros was depicted as often carrying a [[lyre]] or [[bow and arrow]]. He was also depicted accompanied by [[dolphin]]s, [[flute]]s, [[rooster]]s, [[rose]]s, and [[torch]]es.<ref name=connereros>Conner, p. 132, "Eros"</ref>{{Verify source|date=May 2018}}
* [Hera addresses Athena:]
: “We must have a word with Aphrodite. Let us go together and ask her to persuade her boy [Eros], if that is possible, to loose an arrow at [[Aeetes]]’ daughter, [[Medea]] of the many spells, and make her fall in love with [[Jason]] ...” (''[[Argonautica]]'')<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Apollonius of Rhodes]] |title=[[Argonautica]] |at=3. 25 ff}} – a Greek epic of the 3rd century BCE</ref>
* “He [Eros] smites maids’ breasts with unknown heat, and bids the very gods leave heaven and dwell on earth in borrowed forms.” (''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'')<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] |title=[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]] |at=290 ff}}</ref>
* “Once, when Venus’ son [Eros] was kissing her, his quiver dangling down, a jutting arrow, unbeknown, had grazed her breast. She pushed the boy away. In fact the wound was deeper than it seemed, though unperceived at first. [And she became] enraptured by the beauty of a man [<nowiki/>[[Adonis]]<nowiki/>].” (''[[Metamorphoses]]'')<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ovid]] |title=[[Metamorphoses]] |at=10. 525 ff}}</ref>
* “Eros drove Dionysos mad for the girl [<nowiki/>[[Aura (mythology)|Aura]]<nowiki/>] with the delicious wound of his arrow, then curving his wings flew lightly to Olympus. And the god roamed over the hills scourged with a greater fire.” (''[[Dionysiaca]]'')<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Nonnus]] |title=[[Dionysiaca]] |at=48. 470 ff}} – a Greek epic of the 5th century CE</ref>
=== God of friendship and liberty ===
[[Characters of the Deipnosophistae#Pontianus of Nicomedia|Pontianus of Nicomedia]], a character in ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' by [[Athenaeus]], asserts that [[Zeno of Citium]] thought that Eros was the god of friendship and liberty.<ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 GR"/><ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 EN"/>
[[Erxias]] (Ἐρξίας) wrote that the [[Samians]] consecrated a gymnasium to Eros. The festival instituted in his honour was called the ''Eleutheria'' (Ἐλευθέρια), meaning "liberty".<ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 GR"/><ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 EN"/>
The [[Lacedaemonians]] offered sacrifices to Eros before they went into battle, thinking that safety and victory depend on the friendship of those who stand side by side in the battle. In addition, the [[Cretans]] offered sacrifices to Eros in their line of battle.<ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 GR"/><ref name="Athenaeus 13.12 EN"/>
=== Eros and Psyche ===
{{Main|Cupid and Psyche}}
The story of [[Cupid and Psyche|Eros and Psyche]] has a longstanding tradition as a folktale of the ancient Greco-Roman world long before it was committed to literature in [[Apuleius]]' [[Latin]] novel, ''[[The Golden Ass]]''. The novel itself is written in a picaresque Roman style, yet Psyche retains her Greek name even though Eros and Aphrodite are called by their Latin names (Cupid and Venus). Also, Cupid is depicted as a young adult, rather than a fat winged child (''{{lang|it|[[putti|putto amorino]]}}'').<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Apuleius]] |section=[[Cupid and Psyche]] |title=[[The Golden Ass]] |publisher=Penguin Classics}}</ref>
The story tells of the quest for love and trust between Eros and Psyche. Aphrodite was jealous of the beauty of mortal princess Psyche, as men were leaving her altars barren to worship a mere human woman instead, and so she commanded her son Eros, the god of love, to cause Psyche to fall in love with the ugliest creature on earth. But instead, Eros falls in love with Psyche himself and spirits her away to his home. Their fragile peace is ruined by a visit from Psyche's jealous sisters, who cause Psyche to betray the trust of her husband. Wounded, Eros leaves his wife, and Psyche wanders the Earth, looking for her lost love. Eventually, she approaches Aphrodite and asks for her help. Aphrodite imposes a series of difficult tasks on Psyche, which she is able to achieve by means of supernatural assistance.
After successfully completing these tasks, Aphrodite relents and Psyche becomes immortal to live alongside her husband Eros. Together they had a daughter, Voluptas or Hedone (meaning physical pleasure, bliss).
In Greek mythology, Psyche was the deification of the human soul. She was portrayed in ancient mosaics as a goddess with butterfly wings (because ''psyche'' was also the Ancient Greek word for "butterfly"). The Greek word ''psyche'' literally means "soul, spirit, breath, life, or animating force".
In the [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] narrative found in ''[[On the Origin of the World]]'', Eros, during the universe's creation, is scattered in all the creatures of [[Chaos (cosmogony)|Chaos]], existing between the midpoint of light and darkness as well as the angels and people. Later, Psyche pours her blood upon him, causing the first rose to sprout up on the Earth, followed by every flower and herb.<ref>{{cite book |first=James M. |last=Robinson |author-link=James M. Robinson |year=2007 |orig-year=1st publ. 1978 |section=On the Origin of the World |title=The Nag Hammadi Scriptures |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=9780060523787 |url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/origin-Barnstone.html}}</ref>
=== Dionysiaca ===
Eros features in two [[Dionysus]]-related myths. In the first, Eros made [[Hymnus (Greek mythology)|Hymnus]], a young shepherd, to fall in love with the beautiful [[Naiad]] [[Nicaea (mythology)|Nicaea]]. Nicaea never reciprocated Hymnus' affection, and he in desperation asked her to kill him. She fulfilled his wish, but Eros, disgusted with Nicaea's actions, made Dionysus fall in love with her by hitting him with a love arrow. Nicaea rejected Dionysus, so he filled the spring she used to drink from with wine. Intoxicated, Nicaea lay to rest as Dionysus forced himself on her. Afterwards, she sought to find him seeking revenge, but never found him.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/516/mode/2up?view=theater 15.202]–[https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca02nonnuoft/page/28/mode/2up?view=theater 16.383]</ref> In the other, one of [[Artemis]]' maiden nymphs [[Aura (mythology)|Aura]] boasted of being better than her mistress, due to having a virgin's body, as opposed to Artemis' sensuous and lush figure, thereby bringing into question Artemis' virginity. Artemis, angered, asked [[Nemesis]], the goddess of vengeance and retribution, to avenge her, and Nemesis ordered Eros to make Dionysus fall in love with Aura. The tale then continues in the same manner as Nicaea's myth; Dionysus gets Aura drunk and then rapes her.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/442/mode/2up 48.936]–[https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/490/mode/2up 992]</ref>
== Eros in music ==
*[[Jose Antonio Bottiroli]] ''Eros in B minor B37'' for piano (1974)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banegas |first1=Fabio |title=Jose Antonio Bottiroli, Complete Piano Works, Vol. 1 |date=2017 |publisher=Golden River Music |location=The US Library of Congress |ismn=9790365524174 |page=49 |edition=First |url=https://www.goldenrivermusic.eu/en/shop/product/1551-obras-completas-para-piano-complete-piano-works-volume-i |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=GP871|title = BOTTIROLI, J.A.: Piano Works (Complete), Vol. 2 - Nocturnes (Banegas, George Takei) - GP871}}</ref>
== Eros in art ==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px">
File:Eros bobbin Louvre CA1798.jpg|Bobbin with Eros; 470–450 BC; [[red-figure pottery]]; height: 2.6 cm, diameter: 11.8 cm; [[Louvre]]
File:Red-figure hydria with Poseidon, Amymone, Eros and Satyr (4th cent. B.C.) in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens on 11 September 2018.jpg|[[Hydria]] of Eros between [[Poseidon]], [[Amymone]], and a [[Satyr]]; 375-350 B.C.; [[red-figure pottery]]; [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]
File:Ascoli Satriano Painter - Red-Figure Plate with Eros - Walters 482765.jpg|Plate with Eros; 340–320 BC; red-figure terracotta; 5 × 24.4 cm; [[Walters Art Museum]] ([[Baltimore]], US)
File:Bronze statue of Eros sleeping MET DP123903.jpg|Statue of Eros sleeping; 3rd–2nd century BC; bronze; 41.9 × 35.6 × 85.2 cm, 124.7 kg, height with base: 45.7 cm; [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)
File:Roman - Eros - Walters 54724.jpg|Figure of wingless Eros; 20–60 AD; cast bronze and silver inlay; 17.2 × 9.5 × 6.8 cm; Walters Art Museum
File:Eros bow Musei Capitolini MC410.jpg|''Eros Stringing his Bow'', a Roman copy from the [[Capitoline Museum]] of a Greek original by [[Lysippos]]; 2nd century AD; marble; height: 123 cm; Capitoline Museum (Rome)
File:Angelica Kauffmann - The Victory of Eros - 39.184.19 - Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|''The Victory of Eros''; by [[Angelica Kauffman]]; 1750–1775; oil on canvas; Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Psyché.jpg|''[[Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss]]''; by [[Antonio Canova]]; c. 1787–1793; marble; height: 1.55 m, width: 1.69 m, depth: 1.01 m; Louvre
File:A Girl Defending Herself against Eros, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau.jpg |''A Girl Defending Herself against Eros''; by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]; c. 1880; [[Getty Center]] ([[Los Angeles]], US)
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|Religion}}
* [[Eros (concept)]]
* [[Greek words for love]]
* [[Kamadeva]]
* [[Family tree of the Greek gods]]
* [[Phanes (mythology)]]
*[[Aristophanes]], ''Birds''. ''The Complete Greek Drama.'' ''vol. 2''. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. New York. Random House. 1938. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0026 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*[[Aristophanes]], ''Aristophanes Comoediae'' edited by F.W. Hall and W.M. Geldart, vol. 2. F.W. Hall and W.M. Geldart. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1907. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0025 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}.
* "Eros." ''Cassells's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Lore'', 1997.
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&printsec=frontcover Google Books].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Deros-bio-1 "Eros"]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], I Books I-XV. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], II Books XVI-XXXV. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], III Books XXXVI-XLVIII. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* The [[Greek Anthology]]. with an English Translation by. W. R. Paton. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916. 1. [https://topostext.org/work/532 Full text available at topostext.org].
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Eros}}
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=167 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database - Amor]
* [https://www.theoi.com/Protogenos/Eros.html EROS (PRIMORDIAL) from The Theoi Project]
* [https://www.theoi.com/Ouranios/Eros.html EROS (OLYMPIAN) from The Theoi Project]
== 概説 ==
