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ディヴの起源はおそらくアヴェスタのダエーワ（daeva）で、インドのデーヴァ（神）と同じ起源を持つ神々である。かつての神々が、いつ、なぜ、悪神、あるいは悪魔に変わったのかは不明である。ディヴの起源はおそらくアヴェスタのダエーワ（daeva）で、インドのデーヴァ（神）と同じ起源を持つ神々である。かつての神々が、いつ、なぜ、悪神、あるいは悪魔に変わったのかは不明である。最古のゾロアスター教の聖典である『ガーサー（Gathas）』では、彼らはまだ邪悪な生物にはなっていないが、一部の学者の解釈によれば、テキストは彼らが忌避されるべきであるとしているという<ref name="Herrenschmidt_Kellens_1993_601">Herrenschmidt, Kellens, 1993, p=601. <!-- The scope of ''aēnah-'' "error" is not precisely understood, and in ''Yasna'' 32.3 it is unclear if the association of ''daeva-'' with unambiguously negative terms (for example with ''aka-'' "evil") formulates a relationship or is the revocation of one. The definitions of ''Yasna'' 32.3 occur with a syntactical construct that is otherwise unattested. --></ref>。
In the [[Gathas]], the oldest [[Zorastrian]] text, they are not yet the evil creatures they will become, although, according to some scholarly interpretations, the texts do indicate that they should be rejected.<ref name="Herrenschmidt_Kellens_1993_601">{{harvnb|Herrenschmidt|Kellens|1993|p=601}}. <!-- The scope of ''aēnah-'' "error" is not precisely understood, and in ''Yasna'' 32.3 it is unclear if the association of ''daeva-'' with unambiguously negative terms (for example with ''aka-'' "evil") formulates a relationship or is the revocation of one. The definitions of ''Yasna'' 32.3 occur with a syntactical construct that is otherwise unattested. --></ref> Evident from Xph inscriptions, [[Xerxes I]] (reigned 486–465 BC) ordered the destruction of a sanctuary dedicated to ''Daivas'' and proclaimed that the Daeva shall not be worshipped.<ref>Abolala Soudavar ''The Original Iranian Creator God "Apam Napat" (or Apam Naphat?)'' Lulu.com, 2015 {{ISBN|9781329489943}} p. 14</ref> Therefore first opposition of Daeva can not be later than the reign of Xerxes. However, the original relation between Daeva and Persian religion remains up to debate. There might have been a pantheon with several types of deities, but while the Indians demonized the [[Asura]] and deified the Deva, the Persians demonized the Deva, but deified Asura in the form of Ahura Mazda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daiva-old-iranian-noun|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>
→歴史
== 歴史 ==
In [[Middle Persian]] texts, they are already regarded as equivalent to demons. They are created by [[Ahriman]] (the devil) along with sorcerers and everything else that is evil. They roam the earth at night and bring people to ruin. During the advent of Islam in Persia, the term was used for both demonized humans and evil supernatural creatures. In the translations of [[Tabari]]'s [[Tafsir]], the term ''div'' was used to designate evil jinn, devils and [[Satan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Patrick |last2=Hughes |first2=Thomas Patrick |year=1995 |orig-year=1885 |title=Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together with the Technical and Theological Terms of the Muhammadan Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=134|isbn=9788120606722 |oclc=35860600 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>
