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They occupy a liminal place both spatial and ontological, between the phyisical and the [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] world.<ref>Persian Literature as World Literature. (2021). USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 41</ref> The souls of wicked people could also turn into a demon (''div'') after death, as evident from [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Al-Razi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gertsman |first1=Elina |last2=Rosenwein |first2=Barbara H. |year=2018 |title=The Middle Ages in 50 Objects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |location=Cambridge; New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=103 |isbn=9781107150386 |oclc=1030592502 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> an idea recalling the concept of original daeva.<ref>Ghan, Chris. The daevas in Zoroastrian scripture. University of Missouri-Columbia, 2014.</ref>
→イスラム教の文献
== イスラム教の文献 ==
''ディヴ''（悪魔、魔族）は、かつて世界を支配していた者たちであり、世界を奪われながらも消滅することなく、人間界から遠く離れた場所に追放された存在である。（悪魔、魔族）は、かつて世界を支配していた者たちであり、世界を奪われながらも消滅することなく、人間界から遠く離れた場所に追放された存在である。彼らは、物理的な世界と形而上的な世界の間にある、空間的にも存在論的にも限界的な場所にいる<ref>Persian Literature as World Literature. (2021). USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 41</ref>。
Throughout many legends they appear as villains, sorcerers, monsters, ogres or even helpers of the protagonist. It is usually necessary to overcome the ''div'' to get his aid. After defeating the ''div'', one must attach a horseshoe, a needle or an iron ring on his body to enslave them. On the other hand, a ''div'' can not be killed by physical combat, even if their body parts are cut off. Instead, it is required to find the object storing the soul of the ''div''. After the object is destroyed, the ''div'' is said to disappear in smoke or thin air. The notion of a demon tied to a physical object, later inspired the European [[Genies in popular culture|genie]].<ref>Sherman, Sharon R., and Mikel J. Koven, editors. Folklore/Cinema: Popular Film as Vernacular Culture. University Press of Colorado, 2007. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgnbm. Accessed 23 Apr. 2021.</ref>
