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天の主神'''[[エンリル]]の随獣'''であり彼に仕えていたが、主神権の簒奪を目論み、その象徴である'''「天命の書版（Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)）」を盗み出し'''てしまう。この話はいくつかバージョンがあり、あるバージョンでは、「天命の書板」を取り返すために神々が[[ルガルバンダ]]を送り込み、彼がズーを殺したことになっており<sup>''（要出典、2018年2月）''</sup>、また別のバージョンでは、エアと[[ベレト・イリ]]が[[ニヌルタ]]を書板の奪還に向かわせたという。また、[[アッシュールバニパル]]の讃歌では、[[マルドゥク]]がズーの討伐を命じられている。
'''Anzû''', also known as '''<sup>d</sup>Zû''' and '''Imdugud''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{script|Xsux|𒀭𒅎𒂂}} ''AN.IM.DUGUD[[Determinative#Cuneiform|<sup>MUŠEN</sup>]]''), is a lesser divinity or [[Legendary creature|monster]] in several [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian religions]]. He was conceived by the pure waters of the [[Apsu]] and the wide Earth, or as son of [[Siris (goddess)|Siris]].<ref name="Hesiod">{{cite book|author=Charles Penglase|title=Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5gYl1px7PcC|date=4 October 2003|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-203-44391-0}}</ref> Anzû was depicted as a massive bird who can breathe fire and water, although Anzû is alternately depicted as a lion-headed eagle.
[[Stephanie Dalley]], in ''Myths from Mesopotamia'', writes that "the ''Epic of Anzu'' is principally known in two versions: an Old Babylonian version of the early second millennium [BC], giving the hero as Ningirsu; and 'The Standard Babylonian' version, dating to the first millennium BC, which appears to be the most quoted version, with the hero as Ninurta". However, the Anzu character does not appear as often in some other writings, as noted below.
==Name==
[[Image:Relief Im-dugud Louvre AO2783.jpg|thumb|[[Alabaster]] votive relief of [[Ur-Nanshe]], king of [[Lagash]], showing Anzû as a lion-headed eagle in a [[Master of Animals]] motif, ca. 2550–2500 BC; found at [[Girsu|Tell Telloh]] the ancient city of [[Girsu]], ([[Louvre]])]]
The name of the mythological being usually called Anzû was actually written in the oldest Sumerian [[cuneiform]] texts as {{script|Xsux|𒀭𒉎𒈪𒄷}} (''AN.IM.MI<sup>MUŠEN</sup>''; the cuneiform sign 𒄷, or ''MUŠEN'', in context is an ideogram for "bird"). In texts of the Old Babylonian period, the name is more often found as {{script|Xsux|𒀭𒉎𒂂𒄷}} ''AN.IM.DUGUD<sup>MUŠEN</sup>''.<ref name=alster/> In 1961, Landsberger argued that this name should be read as "Anzu", and most researchers have followed suit. In 1989, Thorkild Jacobsen noted that the original reading of the cuneiform signs as written (giving the name "<sup>d</sup>IM.dugud") is also valid, and was probably the original pronunciation of the name, with Anzu derived from an early phonetic variant. Similar phonetic changes happened to parallel terms, such as ''imdugud'' (meaning "heavy wind") becoming ''ansuk''. Changes like these occurred by evolution of the ''im'' to ''an'' (a common phonetic change) and the blending of the new ''n'' with the following ''d'', which was aspirated as ''dh'', a sound which was borrowed into [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] as ''z'' or ''s''.<ref name=jacobsen1989>Jacobsen, T. (1989). God or Worshipper. pp. 125-130 in Holland, T.H. (ed.), ''Studies In Ancient Oriental Civilization no. 47''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.</ref>
It has also been argued based on contextual evidence and transliterations on cuneiform learning tablets, that the earliest, Sumerian form of the name was at least sometimes also pronounced Zu, and that Anzu is primarily the Akkadian form of the name. However, there is evidence for both readings of the name in both languages, and the issue is confused further by the fact that the prefix 𒀭 (''AN'') was often used to distinguish deities or even simply high places. AN.ZU could therefore mean simply "heavenly eagle".<ref name=alster>Alster, B. (1991). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23282051 Contributions to the Sumerian lexicon]. ''Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale'', '''85'''(1): 1-11.</ref>
==Origin and cultural evolution==
[[File:Inscribed head of a mace with Imdugud (Anzu) and Enannatum, the British Museum, London..JPG|thumb|Inscribed head of a mace with Imdugud (Anzu) and Enannatum, the British Museum, London.]]
Thorkild Jacobsen proposed that Anzu was an early form of the god [[Abu (god)|Abu]], who was also [[Religious syncretism|syncretized]] by the ancients with [[Ninurta]]/Ningirsu, a god associated with thunderstorms. Abu was referred to as "Father Pasture", illustrating the connection between rainstorms and the fields growing in Spring. According to Jacobsen, this god was originally envisioned as a huge black thundercloud in the shape of an eagle, and was later depicted with a lion's head to connect it to the roar of thunder. Some depictions of Anzu therefore depict the god alongside goats (which, like thunderclouds, were associated with mountains in the ancient Near East) and leafy boughs. The connection between Anzu and Abu is further reinforced by a statue found in the [[Tell Asmar Hoard]] depicting a human figure with large eyes, with an Anzu bird carved on the base. It is likely that this depicts Anzu in his symbolic or earthly form as the Anzu-bird, and in his higher, human-like divine form as Abu. Though some scholars have proposed that the statue actually represents a human worshiper of Anzu, others have pointed out that it does not fit the usual depiction of Sumerian worshipers, but instead matches similar statues of gods in human form with their more abstract form or their symbols carved onto the base.<ref name=jacobsen1989/>
==Sumerian and Akkadian myth==
[[File:Frieze of Imdugud (Anzu) grasping a pair of deer, from Tell Al-Ubaid..JPG|thumb|Frieze of Imdugud (Anzu) grasping a pair of deer, from [[Tell al-'Ubaid]].]]
[[File:Eagle of Lagash.jpg|thumb|The Anzû, symbol of [[Lagash]], at the time of [[Entemena]].]]
In [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian literature#Mythology|Akkadian]] mythology, Anzû is a divine storm-bird and the personification of the southern wind and the thunder clouds.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean Bottéro |title=L'Oriente antico. Dai sumeri alla Bibbia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXeoYjm4tEoC&pg=PA246 |year=1994 |publisher=Edizioni Dedalo | isbn=978882200535-9| pages=246–256 |language=it}}</ref> This demon—half man and half bird—stole the "[[Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)|Tablet of Destinies]]" from Enlil and hid them on a mountaintop. Anu ordered the other gods to retrieve the tablet, even though they all feared the demon. According to one text, [[Marduk]] killed the bird; in another, it died through the arrows of the god [[Ninurta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/retellings/theftdestiny.htm|title=Theft of Destiny |publisher=gatewaystobabylon.com}}</ref>
Anzu also appears in the story of "[[Inanna]] and the Huluppu Tree",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.piney.com/BabHulTree.html|title=Myth of the Huluppu Tree}}</ref> which is recorded in the preamble to the Sumerian epic poem ''[[Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.4&charenc=j#|title=The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature|access-date=2015-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402155323/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.4&charenc=j|archive-date=2012-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Anzu appears in the Sumerian [[Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird]] (also called: The Return of Lugalbanda).
==Babylonian and Assyrian myth==
The shorter Old Babylonian version was found at Susa. Full version in ''Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others'' by [[Stephanie Dalley]], page 222<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Anzu+tablet+%22he+stole+the+ellil%22&pg=PA222|title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others|first=Stephanie|last=Dalley|date=1 January 2000|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780192835895|via=Google Books}}</ref> and at ''The Epic of Anzû'', Old Babylonian version from Susa, Tablet II, lines 1-83, read by [[Claus Wilcke]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/baplar/recordings/the-epic-of-anz-old-babylonian-version-from-susa-tablet-ii-lines-1-83-read-by-claus-wilcke.html|title=The Epic of Anzû, Old Babylonian version from Susa, Tablet II: BAPLAR|publisher= SOAS University of London}}</ref>
The longer Late Assyrian version from Nineveh is most commonly called ''The Myth of Anzu''. (Full version in Dalley, page 205).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Anzu+tablet+%22I+sing+of+the+superb+son%22+Ninurta&pg=PA205|title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others|first=Stephanie|last=Dalley|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192835895|via=Google Books}}</ref> An edited version is at ''Myth of Anzu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ninurta/mythanzu.htm|title=Myth of Anzu |publisher=gatewaystobabylon.com}}</ref>
Also in Babylonian myth, Anzû is a deity associated with [[cosmogeny]]. Anzû is represented as stripping the father of the gods of ''umsimi'' (which is usually translated "crown" but in this case, as it was on the seat of Bel, it refers to the "ideal creative organ").<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|author=George Smith |author-link=George Smith (Assyriologist) |title=The Chaldean Account of Genesis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3F4SMrYNkYC&pg=PA41 |year=1878 |publisher=[[Library of Alexandria]] |isbn=9781465527141 |pages=40–48}}</ref><ref name="Smith2">{{cite book|author=George Smith |author-link=George Smith (Assyriologist) |title=The Chaldean Account of Genesis |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/caog/caog10.htm}} "The Sin of the God Zu" at "Sacred Texts" website.</ref> Regarding this, Charles Penglase writes that "Ham is the Chaldean Anzû, and both are cursed for the same allegorically described crime," which parallels the mutilation of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] by [[Cronus]] and of [[Osiris]] by [[Set (deity)|Set]].<ref name="Hesiod" />
==See also==
*''[[Anzu wyliei]]'', a theropod dinosaur named for Anzû
* [[Asakku]], similar Mesopotamian deity
* [[Griffin]] or griffon, lion-bird hybrid
* [[Lamassu]], Assyrian deity, bull/lion-eagle-human hybrid
* [[Tengu]], Japanese magical creature half-man half-bird
* [[Mythological hybrid|Hybrid creatures in mythology]]
* [[List of hybrid creatures in mythology]]
* [[Tiamat]]
* [[Ziz]], giant griffin-like bird in [[Jewish mythology]]
* [[Zeus]], Greek deity of sky and thunder
* [[Zuism]], Icelander protest against tax for religion
==External links==
{{Commons category|Anzu|Zu (mythology)}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/658222/Zu Zu] on ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*{{cite book | chapter=Anzû (pp. 203ff.)| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfiCz4BRwC&q=Anzu&pg=203| title=Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfiCz4BRwC | editor-first=Stephanie | editor-last=Dalley | year=2000 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780199538362}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131028052543/http://home.comcast.net/~chris.s/assyrbabyl-faq.html#Anzu The Assyro-Babylonian Mythology FAQ: Anzû]
* [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcslgloss.php?lookup=c1815.138&charenc=gcirc ETCSL glossary showing Zu as the verb 'to know']
* [http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ninurta/mythanzu.htm Myth of Anzu]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.1# Ninurta's return to Nibru: a šir-gida to Ninurta] and [http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ninurta/nippurninurta.htm The Return of Ninurta to Nippur]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.3# Ninurta and the Turtle] and [http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ninurta/ninuurtle.htm Ninurta and the Turtle, or Ninurta and Enki]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.2# Ninurta's exploits] and [http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/myths/texts/ninurta/exploitninurta.htm The Exploits of Ninurta, or Lugal-e]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.2.2# Lugalbanda and the Anzud bird]
*[http://www.soas.ac.uk/baplar/recordings/the-epic-of-anz-old-babylonian-version-from-susa-tablet-ii-lines-1-83-read-by-claus-wilcke.html The Epic of Anzû, Old Babylonian version from Susa, Tablet II, lines 1-83, read by Claus Wilcke]
== 名前 ==
