差分

'''ハプログループD (mtDNA)'''（ハプログループD (ミトコンドリアDNA)、Haplogroup D (mtDNA)）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループMを祖先に持ち「4883 5178A 16362」により定義されるものである<ref>van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID:18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.</ref><ref>ハプログループ D (mtDNA), https://www.asianprofile.wiki/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA) , =www.asianprofile.wiki, (2022-03-09), en, hmong.wiki</ref><ref>"Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material" (PDF). 2009. pp. page89.</ref>。

**'''D4''' (3010, 8414, 14668)　:'''日本人で最も多いグループ'''であり<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />、[[北東アジア]]でよくみられ、[[、北東アジアでよくみられ、'''日本人]]'''、[['''朝鮮民族]]'''などでは最も高頻度で観察されるタイプであり、とりわけ日本人に於いてその頻度が高い。<ref name = "Maruyama2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Sayaka | last2 = , Minaguchi | first2 = Kiyoshi | last3 = , Saitou | first3 = Naruya | year = , 2003 | title = , Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population | url = | journal = , Int J Legal Med | volume = , vol 117 | , issue = 4| pages = 218–225 | , p218–225, doi = :10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2 | , pmid = :12845447 }}</ref><ref name = "Umetsu2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Umetsu | first1 = Umetsu Kazuo | last2 = , Tanaka | first2 = Masashi | last3 = , Yuasa | first3 = Isao | year = , 2005 | title = , Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations | url = | journal = , Electrophoresis | volume = , vol 26 | , issue = 1| pages = 91–98 | , p91–98, doi = :10.1002/elps.200406129 | , pmid = :15624129 }}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058303 East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kong | first1 = Qing-Peng | last2 = , Yao | first2 = Yong-Gang | last3 = , Liu | first3 = Mu | year = , 2003 | title = , Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China | url = | journal = , Hum Genet | volume = , vol 113 | , issue = 5| pages = 391–405 | , p391–405, doi = : 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7 | , pmid=:12938036}}</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Asari | first1 = M | year = , 2007 | title = , Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population | url = | journal = , Leg Med | volume = , vol 9| , issue = 5| pages = 237–240| , p237–240, doi = :10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 | , pmid = :17467322 }}</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = H-X | last2 = , Yan | first2 = S | last3 = , Qin | first3 = Z-D | last4 = , Wang | first4 = Y | last5 = , Tan | first5 = J-Z | year = , 2011 | title = , Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes | journal = , PLoS ONE | volume = , vol 6 | , issue = 10| page = e25835 | , pe25835, doi = :10.1371/journal.pone.0025835 | , pmid=:21998705 | , pmc=:3188578}}</ref> [[ウィルタ]]、[[ブリヤート]]、[[カルムイク人]]、[[テレンギト人]]などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = ウィルタ、ブリヤート、カルムイク人、テレンギト人などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">Derenko M | last2 = , Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = , Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = , Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = , Rogalla | first5 = U | year = , 2012 | title = , Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | journal = , PLoS ONE | volume = , vol 7 | , issue = 2| page = e32179 | , pe32179, doi = :10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 | , pmid=22363811 | , pmc=3283723}}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = , Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = , Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | year = , 2007 | title = , Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | journal = , Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = , vol 81 | , issue = 5| pages = 1025–1041 | , p1025–1041, doi = :10.1086/522933 | , pmid=:17924343 | , pmc=:2265662}}</ref>。[[中国]]・中国西部・[[中央アジア]]、[[アメリカ先住民]]で広く観察される。中国・中国西部・中央アジア、アメリカ先住民で広く観察される<ref name = "Malhi2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = , Breece | first2 = Katherine E. | last3 = , Schultz Shook | first3 = Beth A. | last4 = , Kaestle | first4 = Frederika A. | year = , 2004 | title = , Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America | url = | journal = , Human Biology | volume = , vol 76 | , issue = 1| pages = 33–54 | , p33–54, doi = :10.1353/hub.2004.0023 | , pmid = :15222679 }}</ref><ref name = "Malhi2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = , Mortensen | first2 = Holly M. | last3 = , Eshleman | first3 = , Jason A. | year = , 2003 | title = , Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest | url = | journal = , American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = , vol 120 | , issue = 2| pages = 108–124 | , p108–124, doi=:10.1002/ajpa.10138| , pmid = :12541329 }}</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wen | first1 = Bo | last2 = , Li | first2 = Hui | last3 = , Gao | first3 = Song | year = , 2005 | title = , Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages | url = | journal = , Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = , vol 22 | , issue = 3| pages = 725–734 | , p725–734, doi = :10.1093/molbev/msi055 | , pmid = :15548747 }}</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = Catherine | last2 = , Soares | first2 = Pedro | last3 = , Mormina | first3 = Maru | year = , 2006 | title = , Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians | url = | journal = , Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = , vol 23 | , issue = :12| pages = 2480–2491 | ,p2480–2491, doi = :10.1093/molbev/msl124 | , pmid=:16982817}}</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2007);80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaewsutthi | first1 = Supannee | last2 = , Phasukkijwatana | first2 = Nopasak | last3 = , Joyjinda | first3 = Yutthana | date = , Jul 2011 | title = , Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | url = | journal = , Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = , vol 52 | , issue = :7| pages = 4742–8 | , p4742–8, doi = :10.1167/iovs.10-5816 | , pmid = :21398275 }}</ref><ref name = "Volodko2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Volodko | first1 = Natalia V. | last2 = , Starikovskaya | first2 = Elena B. | last3 = , Mazunin | first3 = Ilya O. | year = , 2008 | title = , Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas | url = | journal = , The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = , vol 82 | , issue = :5| pages = 1084–1100 | , p1084–1100, doi = :10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 | , pmid = :18452887 | , pmc = :2427195 }}</ref>。[[パレオ・インディアン]]やロシア[[沿海州]]（[[悪魔の門]]）及び[[中国東北部]]の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省[[大安市]]にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区[[通遼市]]にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。**'''D5・D6''' (。パレオ・インディアンやロシア沿海州（悪魔の門）及び中国東北部の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省大安市にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区通遼市にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。**'''D5・D6''' (16189)　: D5はD4よりも長い歴史を持ち<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、3万7千年から3万2千年前頃に誕生したとされており<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、D5'6 (16189) は主に東アジアと東南アジア、特に中国、韓国、日本で見られます。 D5a2a2 サブクレードが流行しているが、アメリカ大陸への移動には参加していないようであり、中央アジア、北アジア、南アジアでの頻度は一般的に低い (57/423 = 13.48%) [51] )ヤクートの中で、歴史的にモンゴル拡大の圧力の下でシベリアに移住したテュルク語を話すグループ。<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524407/</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=第10回 {{!}} いま注目の最先端研究・技術探検！ {{!}} 中高生と“いのちの不思議”を考える─生命科学DOKIDOKI研究室 |url=, https://www.terumozaidan.or.jp/labo/technology/10/03.html |website=, www.terumozaidan.or.jp |accessdate=2022(最終閲覧日：2022-03-09}})</ref>。主に韓国、日本、中国南部で見られ、特に[[漢民族]]で観察頻度が高い、他は東南アジアでも見られる。[http://英語版 英語版]。主に韓国、日本、中国南部で見られ、特に漢民族で観察頻度が高い、他は東南アジアでも見られる。<ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka M et al. 2004, [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/10a/1832.full#aff-1 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan] Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850</ref><ref name = "Peng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = , He | first2 = Jun-Dong | last3 = , Liu | first3 = Hai-Xin | last4 = , Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | year = , 2011| title = , Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA | journal = , BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = , vol 2011 | , issue = :11| page = 46 | , p46, doi = :10.1186/1471-2148-11-46| , pmid = :21324107 | , pmc = :3048540 }}</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabbada | first1 = Kristina A. | last2 = , Trejaut | first2 = Jean | last3 = , Loo | first3 = Jun-Hun | year = , 2010 | title = , Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? | url = | journal = , Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = , vol 27 | , issue = :1| pages = 21–31 | , p21–31, doi = :10.1093/molbev/msp215 | , pmid=:19755666}}</ref> 。中央アジア、[[インド]]東部でも低頻度で見られるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアの[[ヤクート人|ヤクート]]でよくみられる<。中央アジア、インド東部でも低頻度で見られるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアのヤクートでよくみられる<ref name = "Fedorova2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Fedorova | first1 = Sardana A | last2 = , Reidla | first2 = Maere | last3 = , Metspalu | first3 = Ene | year = , 2013| title = , Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia | journal = , BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = , vol 2013 | , issue = :13| page = 127 | , p127, doi = :10.1186/1471-2148-13-127| , pmid = :23782551 | , pmc = :3695835 }}</ref>。D5の有名人は[[AAA (音楽グループ)|AAA]]の[[西島隆弘]]、[[上田晋也]]、[[濱田龍臣]]、[[糸井重里]]<ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=mtDNA D5系統 - 有名人のハプログループ |url=。D5の有名人はAAAの西島隆弘、上田晋也、濱田龍臣、糸井重里<ref>mtDNA D5系統 - 有名人のハプログループ, https://famousdna.wiki.fc2.com/wiki/mtDNA%20D5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1 |website=, famousdna.wiki.fc2.com |accessdate=2022(最終閲覧日：2022-03-09}})</ref>。 == 参考文献 ==* Wikipedia：[https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97D_(mtDNA) ハプログループD (mtDNA)]（最終閲覧日：2024-11-02）