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→アヴェスター学において
しかし、ベンヴェニステとルヌが示したように、ヴェレストラーガの主要な目的が有害な生物を殺すことではなく、障害物（verethra）を克服すること、特に最も神聖な要素である水（apas）の流れを妨げるのを防ぐことにあるという事実を踏まえれば、最初の説に対する多くの反論が否定され得るだろう<ref>Benveniste, Renou, 1934, p182</ref>。
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ポール・ティームはこの主要な特徴に同意したが、バフラム・ヤシュトの豊富な古語的要素は明らかにゾロアスター教以前の時代を示しているが、固有名詞の解釈は「極めて推測的」であり、「インド・アーリア的あるいは古いインド的性格に対する決定的な論拠は得られない」と明言している<ref>Thieme, 1960, p302</ref> <!-- Since "Vedic Indra must be distinguished from a presumable Proto-Aryan ''*Indra'' [of the Mittani treaties]" (302), "we may go so far as to say that the Avestan ''Vərəθraγna'' in his role as the fighting companion of ''Miθra'' is the equivalent of the Vedic Indra in his role as the helper of the ''Adityas''. This does not necessarily mean that ''Vərəθraγna'' has taken the place of Proto-Aryan ''*Indra''; it may just as well mean that Vedic Indra has replaced a Proto-Aryan ''Vərəθraγna''." (312) -->。
Paul Thieme agreed with this principal feature, but clarified that while the wealth of archaic elements in the ''Bahram Yasht'' clearly point to the pre-Zoroastrian era, the interpretation of proper names is "highly conjectural", and "in no case do we get a decisive argument against their Indo-Aryan or old Indic character"{{sfn|Thieme|1960|p=302}} <!-- Since "Vedic Indra must be distinguished from a presumable Proto-Aryan ''*Indra'' [of the Mittani treaties]" (302), "we may go so far as to say that the Avestan ''Vərəθraγna'' in his role as the fighting companion of ''Miθra'' is the equivalent of the Vedic Indra in his role as the helper of the ''Adityas''. This does not necessarily mean that ''Vərəθraγna'' has taken the place of Proto-Aryan ''*Indra''; it may just as well mean that Vedic Indra has replaced a Proto-Aryan ''Vərəθraγna''." (312) --> Adopting "the exact linguistic and exegetic analysis" of Benveniste and Renou, Thieme concludes "Proto-Aryan ''*Indra'' has assumed the functions of a Proto-Aryan god ''*Vrtraghna''." Noting that ''Vrtrahan'' is the name of Indra only in the later Sanskrit texts (but not in the Rig Veda), Thieme adds "there is no valid justification for supposing that the Proto-Aryan adjective ''*vrtraghan'' was specifically connected with ''*Indra'' or any other particular god."{{sfn|Thieme| 1960|p=312-313}}
==See also==
