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ページの作成:「right|thumb|200px|Image of Esus on the Gallo-Roman [[Pillar of the Boatmen, first century CE.]] '''Esus''',<ref name="nautae">{{CIL|1…」
[[File:Le Pilier des Nautes 01.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Image of Esus on the Gallo-Roman [[Pillar of the Boatmen]], first century CE.]]
'''Esus''',<ref name="nautae">{{CIL|13|03026}}</ref> '''Hesus''',<ref name="phars"/> or '''Aisus'''<ref name="marcel"/> was a [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brittonic]] and [[Celtic polytheism|Gaulish god]] known from two monumental statues and a line in [[Lucan]]'s ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]''.
== Name ==
T. F. O'Rahilly derives the theonym ''Esus'', as well as [[Aibell|''Aoibheall'']], [[Evelyn (name)|''Éibhleann'']], ''[[Aoife]]'', and other names, from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root *''eis-'', which he glosses as 'well-being, energy, passion'.<ref>{{cite journal |author=T. F. O'Rahilly |date=1946 |title=Ir. ''Aobh, Aoibheall,'' etc. W. ''ufel, uwel''. Gaul. ''Esus'' |journal=Ériu |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |volume=14 |pages=1–6 |jstor=30007645}}</ref>
The personal name ''Esunertus'' ('strength of Esus') occurs in a number of Gallo-Roman inscriptions, including one votive inscription dedicated to Mercury,<ref name="MacCulloch">J. A. MacCulloch (1911). ‘Chapter III. The Gods of Gaul and the Continental Celts.’ [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac06.htm ''The Religion of the Ancient Celts''.] New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-42765-X}}.</ref><ref>{{CIL|13|11644}}</ref> while other theophoric given names such as ''Esugenus'' ('born from Esus') are also attested.<ref name="petrone">{{cite journal |author=Jean Gricourt |date=1958 |title=L’Esus de Pétrone |journal=Latomus |publisher=Société d’Études Latines de Bruxelles |volume=17 |pages=102–109 |jstor=41518785 |number=1}}</ref> It is possible that the ''[[Esuvii]]'' of [[Gaul]], in the area of present-day [[Normandy]], took their name from this deity.<ref name="devries98">Jan de Vries (1954). ''Keltische Religion.'' [[W. Kohlhammer]], Stuttgart. p.98. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030413164435/http://www.geocities.com/chronarchy/mjournal/patrons/aboutesus.html Cited here.]</ref>
==Imagery==
The two sculptures where Esus appears are the [[Pillar of the Boatmen]] from among the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]], on which Esus is identified by name,<ref name="nautae"/> and a pillar from [[Trier]] among the [[Treveri]] with similar iconography.<ref>{{cite book|author=Proinsias Mac Cana |title=Celtic Mythology |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing |location=London |date=1970 |pages=32–35}} [http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Cited here] (retrieved 2016-08-17).</ref><ref name="miranda">{{cite book|author=Miranda Green |title=Symbol & Image in Celtic Religious Art |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |pages=103–104}}</ref> In both of these, Esus is portrayed cutting branches from [[tree]]s with his [[axe]].<ref name="miranda"/> Esus is accompanied, on different panels of the Pillar of the Boatmen, alongside [[Tarvos Trigaranus]] (the ‘bull with three cranes’), [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Vulcan (god)|Vulcan]], and other gods.
==Written sources==
A well-known section in [[Lucan]]'s ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' (61–65 CE) refers to gory sacrifices offered to a triad of Celtic deities: [[Teutates]], Hesus (an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] form of Esus), and [[Taranis]].<ref name="phars">[[Lucan|M. Annaeus Lucanus]] (61-65 CE). ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' I.445.</ref> Variant spellings, or readings, of the name Esus in the manuscripts of Lucan include Hesus, Aesus, and Haesus.<ref name="petrone"/> Among a pair of later [[scholia|commentators]] on Lucan's work, one identifies [[Teutates]] with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] and Esus with [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to the [[Commenta Bernensia|Berne Commentary]] on Lucan, [[Human sacrifice|human victims]] were [[sacrifice]]d to Esus by being tied to a tree and flogged to death.<ref>Olmsted, Garrett S., The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, University of Innsbruck, 1994, p. 321.</ref>
The Gallic medical writer [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]] may offer another textual reference to Esus in his ''De medicamentis'', a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words. The work contains a magico-medical charm decipherable as [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] which appears to invoke the aid of Esus (spelled Aisus) in curing throat trouble.<ref name="marcel">''De medicamentis'' 15.106, p. 121 in [[Marcellus Empiricus#The text|Niedermann's edition]]; Gustav Must, “A Gaulish Incantation in [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]],” ''Language'' 36 (1960) 193–197; Pierre-Yves Lambert, “Les formules de Marcellus de Bordeaux,” in ''La langue gauloise'' (Éditions Errance 2003), p.179, citing [[Léon Fleuriot]], “Sur quelques textes gaulois,” ''Études celtiques'' 14 (1974) 57–66.</ref>
==Interpretations==
John Arnott MacCulloch summarized the state of scholarly interpretations of Esus in 1911 as follows:
{{Quote|[[Salomon Reinach|M. Reinach]] applies one formula to the subjects of these altars—"The Divine [[Lumberjack|Woodman]] hews the Tree of the Bull with Three Cranes." The whole represents some myth unknown to us, but [[Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville|M. D'Arbois]] finds in it some allusion to events in the Cúchulainn saga. In the imagery, the [[Tarvos Trigaranos|bull]] and tree are perhaps both divine, and if the animal, like the images of the divine bull, is three-horned, then the three cranes (''garanus'', "crane") may be a [[rebus]] for three-horned (''trikeras''), or more probably three-headed (''trikarenos''). In this case, [[Lumberjack|woodman]], [[tree]], and [[bull]] might all be representatives of a god of vegetation. In early ritual, human, [[animal]], or arboreal representatives of the god were periodically destroyed to ensure [[fertility]], but when the god became separated from these representatives, the destruction or slaying was regarded as a sacrifice to the god, and myths arose telling how he had once slain the animal. In this case, tree and bull, really identical, would be mythically regarded as destroyed by the god whom they had once represented. If Esus was a god of vegetation, once represented by a tree, this would explain why, as the scholiast on [[Lucan (poet)|Lucan]] relates, human sacrifices to Esus were suspended from a tree. Esus was worshipped at [[Paris]] and at [[Trier|Trèves]]; a coin with the name Æsus was found in England; and personal names like Esugenos, "son of Esus," and Esunertus, "he who has the strength of Esus," occur in England, France, and Switzerland. Thus the cult of this god may have been comparatively widespread. But there is no evidence that he was a Celtic [[Jehovah]] or a member, with [[Teutates]] and [[Taranis]], of a pan-Celtic triad, or that this triad, introduced by Gauls, was not accepted by the [[Druid]]s. Had such a great triad existed, some instance of the occurrence of the three names on one inscription would certainly have been found. [[Lucan (poet)|Lucan]] does not refer to the gods as a triad, nor as gods of all the Celts, or even of one tribe. He lays stress merely on the fact that they were worshipped with [[human sacrifice]], and they were apparently more or less well-known local gods.<ref name="MacCulloch"/>}}
James McKillop cautions that Arbois de Jublainville's identification of Esus with [[Cú Chulainn]] "now seems ill-founded".<ref>{{cite book|author=James MacKillop |title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date= 2000}} [http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Cited here] (retrieved 2016-08-17).</ref>
Jan de Vries finds grounds of comparison between Esus and [[Odin]], both being patrons of sailors sometimes associated with [[Mercury (deity)|Mercury]] to whom human victims were said to be sacrificed by hanging.<ref name="devries98"/>
[[Miranda Green (academic)|Miranda Green]] suggests that the willow-tree that Esus hews may symbolize "the Tree of Life [...] with its associations of destruction and death in winter and rebirth in the spring".<ref name="miranda"/> She further suggests that the cranes might represent "the flight of the soul (perhaps the soul of the tree)".<ref name="miranda"/>
===In Neo-Druidism===
The 18th century Druidic revivalist [[Iolo Morganwg]] identified Esus with [[Jesus]] on the strength of the similarity of their names. He also linked them both with [[Hu Gadarn]], writing:
{{Quote|Both Hu and HUON were no doubt originally identical with the HEUS of Lactantius, and the HESUS of Lucan, described as gods of the Gauls. The similarity of the last name to IESU <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Jesus] is obvious and striking.<ref>[[Iolo Morganwg]] (1862, ed. J. Williams Ab Ithel). ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/bim1/bim1096.htm The Barddas of Iolo Morganwg],'' Vol. I.</ref>}}
This identification is still made in certain [[Neo-Druidism|Neo-Druidic]] circles. Modern scholars consider the resemblance between the names Esus and Jesus to be coincidental.
==See also==
*[[Lugus]]
==External links==
*[http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Esus], including photographs and a capitulation of primary and secondary source material.
*[http://www.tarvos.nl/site/over-tarvos/pillar-of-the-boatmen/esus-en-tarvos-trigaranus A contemporary Dutch-language story of struggle between Esus and Tarvos Trigaranus]
== 参照 ==
[[Category:Agricultural gods]]
[[Category:ケルト神話]]
[[Category:ガリア神話]]
[[Category:軍神]]
[[Category:人身御供]]
'''Esus''',<ref name="nautae">{{CIL|13|03026}}</ref> '''Hesus''',<ref name="phars"/> or '''Aisus'''<ref name="marcel"/> was a [[Britons (Celtic people)|Brittonic]] and [[Celtic polytheism|Gaulish god]] known from two monumental statues and a line in [[Lucan]]'s ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]''.
== Name ==
T. F. O'Rahilly derives the theonym ''Esus'', as well as [[Aibell|''Aoibheall'']], [[Evelyn (name)|''Éibhleann'']], ''[[Aoife]]'', and other names, from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root *''eis-'', which he glosses as 'well-being, energy, passion'.<ref>{{cite journal |author=T. F. O'Rahilly |date=1946 |title=Ir. ''Aobh, Aoibheall,'' etc. W. ''ufel, uwel''. Gaul. ''Esus'' |journal=Ériu |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |volume=14 |pages=1–6 |jstor=30007645}}</ref>
The personal name ''Esunertus'' ('strength of Esus') occurs in a number of Gallo-Roman inscriptions, including one votive inscription dedicated to Mercury,<ref name="MacCulloch">J. A. MacCulloch (1911). ‘Chapter III. The Gods of Gaul and the Continental Celts.’ [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac06.htm ''The Religion of the Ancient Celts''.] New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-42765-X}}.</ref><ref>{{CIL|13|11644}}</ref> while other theophoric given names such as ''Esugenus'' ('born from Esus') are also attested.<ref name="petrone">{{cite journal |author=Jean Gricourt |date=1958 |title=L’Esus de Pétrone |journal=Latomus |publisher=Société d’Études Latines de Bruxelles |volume=17 |pages=102–109 |jstor=41518785 |number=1}}</ref> It is possible that the ''[[Esuvii]]'' of [[Gaul]], in the area of present-day [[Normandy]], took their name from this deity.<ref name="devries98">Jan de Vries (1954). ''Keltische Religion.'' [[W. Kohlhammer]], Stuttgart. p.98. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030413164435/http://www.geocities.com/chronarchy/mjournal/patrons/aboutesus.html Cited here.]</ref>
==Imagery==
The two sculptures where Esus appears are the [[Pillar of the Boatmen]] from among the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]], on which Esus is identified by name,<ref name="nautae"/> and a pillar from [[Trier]] among the [[Treveri]] with similar iconography.<ref>{{cite book|author=Proinsias Mac Cana |title=Celtic Mythology |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing |location=London |date=1970 |pages=32–35}} [http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Cited here] (retrieved 2016-08-17).</ref><ref name="miranda">{{cite book|author=Miranda Green |title=Symbol & Image in Celtic Religious Art |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |pages=103–104}}</ref> In both of these, Esus is portrayed cutting branches from [[tree]]s with his [[axe]].<ref name="miranda"/> Esus is accompanied, on different panels of the Pillar of the Boatmen, alongside [[Tarvos Trigaranus]] (the ‘bull with three cranes’), [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Vulcan (god)|Vulcan]], and other gods.
==Written sources==
A well-known section in [[Lucan]]'s ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' (61–65 CE) refers to gory sacrifices offered to a triad of Celtic deities: [[Teutates]], Hesus (an [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] form of Esus), and [[Taranis]].<ref name="phars">[[Lucan|M. Annaeus Lucanus]] (61-65 CE). ''[[Pharsalia|Bellum civile]]'' I.445.</ref> Variant spellings, or readings, of the name Esus in the manuscripts of Lucan include Hesus, Aesus, and Haesus.<ref name="petrone"/> Among a pair of later [[scholia|commentators]] on Lucan's work, one identifies [[Teutates]] with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] and Esus with [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to the [[Commenta Bernensia|Berne Commentary]] on Lucan, [[Human sacrifice|human victims]] were [[sacrifice]]d to Esus by being tied to a tree and flogged to death.<ref>Olmsted, Garrett S., The gods of the Celts and the Indo-Europeans, University of Innsbruck, 1994, p. 321.</ref>
The Gallic medical writer [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]] may offer another textual reference to Esus in his ''De medicamentis'', a compendium of pharmacological preparations written in Latin in the early 5th century and the sole source for several Celtic words. The work contains a magico-medical charm decipherable as [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] which appears to invoke the aid of Esus (spelled Aisus) in curing throat trouble.<ref name="marcel">''De medicamentis'' 15.106, p. 121 in [[Marcellus Empiricus#The text|Niedermann's edition]]; Gustav Must, “A Gaulish Incantation in [[Marcellus Empiricus|Marcellus of Bordeaux]],” ''Language'' 36 (1960) 193–197; Pierre-Yves Lambert, “Les formules de Marcellus de Bordeaux,” in ''La langue gauloise'' (Éditions Errance 2003), p.179, citing [[Léon Fleuriot]], “Sur quelques textes gaulois,” ''Études celtiques'' 14 (1974) 57–66.</ref>
==Interpretations==
John Arnott MacCulloch summarized the state of scholarly interpretations of Esus in 1911 as follows:
{{Quote|[[Salomon Reinach|M. Reinach]] applies one formula to the subjects of these altars—"The Divine [[Lumberjack|Woodman]] hews the Tree of the Bull with Three Cranes." The whole represents some myth unknown to us, but [[Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville|M. D'Arbois]] finds in it some allusion to events in the Cúchulainn saga. In the imagery, the [[Tarvos Trigaranos|bull]] and tree are perhaps both divine, and if the animal, like the images of the divine bull, is three-horned, then the three cranes (''garanus'', "crane") may be a [[rebus]] for three-horned (''trikeras''), or more probably three-headed (''trikarenos''). In this case, [[Lumberjack|woodman]], [[tree]], and [[bull]] might all be representatives of a god of vegetation. In early ritual, human, [[animal]], or arboreal representatives of the god were periodically destroyed to ensure [[fertility]], but when the god became separated from these representatives, the destruction or slaying was regarded as a sacrifice to the god, and myths arose telling how he had once slain the animal. In this case, tree and bull, really identical, would be mythically regarded as destroyed by the god whom they had once represented. If Esus was a god of vegetation, once represented by a tree, this would explain why, as the scholiast on [[Lucan (poet)|Lucan]] relates, human sacrifices to Esus were suspended from a tree. Esus was worshipped at [[Paris]] and at [[Trier|Trèves]]; a coin with the name Æsus was found in England; and personal names like Esugenos, "son of Esus," and Esunertus, "he who has the strength of Esus," occur in England, France, and Switzerland. Thus the cult of this god may have been comparatively widespread. But there is no evidence that he was a Celtic [[Jehovah]] or a member, with [[Teutates]] and [[Taranis]], of a pan-Celtic triad, or that this triad, introduced by Gauls, was not accepted by the [[Druid]]s. Had such a great triad existed, some instance of the occurrence of the three names on one inscription would certainly have been found. [[Lucan (poet)|Lucan]] does not refer to the gods as a triad, nor as gods of all the Celts, or even of one tribe. He lays stress merely on the fact that they were worshipped with [[human sacrifice]], and they were apparently more or less well-known local gods.<ref name="MacCulloch"/>}}
James McKillop cautions that Arbois de Jublainville's identification of Esus with [[Cú Chulainn]] "now seems ill-founded".<ref>{{cite book|author=James MacKillop |title=A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date= 2000}} [http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Cited here] (retrieved 2016-08-17).</ref>
Jan de Vries finds grounds of comparison between Esus and [[Odin]], both being patrons of sailors sometimes associated with [[Mercury (deity)|Mercury]] to whom human victims were said to be sacrificed by hanging.<ref name="devries98"/>
[[Miranda Green (academic)|Miranda Green]] suggests that the willow-tree that Esus hews may symbolize "the Tree of Life [...] with its associations of destruction and death in winter and rebirth in the spring".<ref name="miranda"/> She further suggests that the cranes might represent "the flight of the soul (perhaps the soul of the tree)".<ref name="miranda"/>
===In Neo-Druidism===
The 18th century Druidic revivalist [[Iolo Morganwg]] identified Esus with [[Jesus]] on the strength of the similarity of their names. He also linked them both with [[Hu Gadarn]], writing:
{{Quote|Both Hu and HUON were no doubt originally identical with the HEUS of Lactantius, and the HESUS of Lucan, described as gods of the Gauls. The similarity of the last name to IESU <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Jesus] is obvious and striking.<ref>[[Iolo Morganwg]] (1862, ed. J. Williams Ab Ithel). ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/bim1/bim1096.htm The Barddas of Iolo Morganwg],'' Vol. I.</ref>}}
This identification is still made in certain [[Neo-Druidism|Neo-Druidic]] circles. Modern scholars consider the resemblance between the names Esus and Jesus to be coincidental.
==See also==
*[[Lugus]]
==External links==
*[http://www.chronarchy.com/esus/aboutesus.html Esus], including photographs and a capitulation of primary and secondary source material.
*[http://www.tarvos.nl/site/over-tarvos/pillar-of-the-boatmen/esus-en-tarvos-trigaranus A contemporary Dutch-language story of struggle between Esus and Tarvos Trigaranus]
== 参照 ==
[[Category:Agricultural gods]]
[[Category:ケルト神話]]
[[Category:ガリア神話]]
[[Category:軍神]]
[[Category:人身御供]]
