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ページの作成:「'''Kamrušepa''' was a Hittite and Luwian goddess of medicine and magic, analogous to Hattic and…」
'''Kamrušepa''' was a [[Hittite mythology and religion|Hittite]] and [[Luwian religion|Luwian]] goddess of [[medicine]] and magic, analogous to [[Hattians|Hattic]] and [[Pala (Anatolia)|Palaic]] goddess '''Kataḫzipuri'''. She is best known as one of the deities involved in [[the Telepinu Myth]], in which her actions were crucial to pacify the anger of the "missing" vegetation god.
==Character==
Kamrušepa was the goddess of both magic and medicine.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=407}} She was regarded as the inventor of various procedures, subsequently passed on to humans, as attested in mythical explanations attached to ritual texts.{{sfn|Archi|1993|pp=407-408}} She could function as a divine midwife as well.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} It is possible she was a household deity due to her connection with family life and the hearth.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}}
As a healing goddess, she could be associated with deities such as [[Pirwa]], [[Maliya]]{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} and the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]] [[Šauška]] in Hittite rituals.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} The [[Luwians]] seemingly regarded her as analogous to [[List of Mesopotamian deities|Mesopotamian]] medicine goddess [[Gula (goddess)|Gula]], and in some cases texts presented as incantations of Gula in Mesopotamia were attributed to Kamrušepa in Luwian tradition.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=150}}
Unlike other Anatolian deities connected with magic, she was regarded as a resident of heaven.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} It has been proposed she was connected to clouds or smoke, based on the possible origin of her name.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} She was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by horses,{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=408}} a mode of locomotion also attributed to the Luwian sun god Tiwad, who was associated with her.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=114}}
While she was connected with the Hattic and Palaic goddess Kataḫzipuri, and in bilingual [[Hittite language|Hittite]]-[[Hattic language|Hattic]] texts they correspond to each other,{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}} their names were not etymologically related.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} ''Kamrušepa'' likely means "spirit of the clouds" or "spirit of smoke" ("Genius der Wolke/des Qualms"),{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} though the connection between the first half of her name and the Hittite word ''kammara'' ("smoke") might only be a folk etymology,{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}} while the name of Kataḫzipuri had an unrelated Hattic etymology and means "queen of the land."{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980a|p=478}} Piotr Taracha proposed that in Palaic sources Kataḫzipuri might have functioned simply as an epithet of Kamrušepa applied to her due to contact with Hattic communities.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}}
Her attribute was an iron throne.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=439}}
==Worship==
Kamrušepa is already attested in the oldest texts from Kanesh.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=439}} Later Hititte rituals preserve the association between her and this city.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=30}} According to a prayer meant to prevent the spread of a plague, another location associated with her was Taniwanda.{{sfn|Singer|Hoffner|2002|p=134}} Despite her position in the pantheon and her prominence in myths, little information is available when it comes to specific rituals or festivals connected to her.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}}
Her status was also high in Luwian religion.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}} Piotr Taracha notes that there most likely was no single uniform Luwian pantheon, but certain deities, including Kamrušepa, as well as [[Tarḫunz|Tarhunt]], [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwad]], [[Maliya]], [[Arma (deity)|Arma]], [[Iyarri]], [[Sandas|Santa]] and a variety of tutelary gods represented by the logogram [[Lamassu|LAMMA]] were worshiped by most Luwian communities.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=107}} She is especially well attested in Luwian incantations from [[Kizzuwatna]].{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|pp=351-352}}
While she is one of the best attested goddesses in the Hittite pantheon of the [[Bronze Age]], there is presently no evidence for her worship continuing in the first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Lanaro|2015|p=86}}
==Mythology==
Kamrušepa appears in various Hittite myths. In ''Disappearance of Telipinu'', she instructs the other gods how to ensure the eponymous vegetation deity's return after an initial attempt fails.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=404}} The magical procedure she prepares involves an offering of twelve sheep taken from the herds of the sun god, which had to be taken to [[Ḫapantali]],{{sfn|Archi|1993|pp=404-405}} a Luwian shepherd goddess.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=43}} A similar formula is known from a myth pertaining to the disappearance of the storm god.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=405}} In at least one fragmentary version, the personified sea ([[Aruna (Hittite mythology)|Aruna]]) is tasked with bringing the offered sheep to the right place.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=406}} Yet another fragment describes the solar god and Kamrušepa arguing with each other until they calm down by combing sheep together.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=407}}
According to the Hittite text KUB 17 she was also the mother of Aruna.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} According to a local belief from Tauriša she and [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwad]], the Luwian sun god, were the parents of the city's tutelary god (LAMMA), referred to with the epithet ''wašḥazza'' ("sanctified" or "holy").{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=100}} His spouse was a youthful goddess named Aššiyant, "the beloved."{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=446}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Kamrušepa and the Sheep of the Sun-God|journal=Orientalia|publisher=GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press|volume=62|issue=4|year=1993|issn=00305367| jstor=43078000|pages=404–409|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43078000|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{citation|last=Frantz-Szabó|first=Gabrielle|entry=Kamrušepa|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=1980|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#6239|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{citation|last=Frantz-Szabó|first=Gabrielle|entry=Kataḫzipuri|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=1980a|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#6392|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|last=Haas|first=Volkert|title=Geschichte der hethitischen Religion|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-29394-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOh5DwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lanaro|first=Anna|title=A goddess among Storm-gods. The stele of Tavşantepe and the landscape monuments of southern Cappadocia|journal=Anatolian Studies|publisher=British Institute at Ankara, Cambridge University Press|volume=65|year=2015|issn=00661546|jstor=24878379|pages=79–96|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24878379|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|last=Singer|first=Itamar|last2=Hoffner|first2=Harry A.|title=Hittite Prayers|publisher=Brill|series=Writings from the Ancient World|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12695-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRvxkpO8UZcC&pg=PA134| access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|first=Piotr|last=Taracha |title=Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia |publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=978-3447058858}}
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:かむるせは}}
[[Category:ヒッタイト神話]]
[[Category:ルウィ神話]]
[[Category:医薬神]]
==Character==
Kamrušepa was the goddess of both magic and medicine.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=407}} She was regarded as the inventor of various procedures, subsequently passed on to humans, as attested in mythical explanations attached to ritual texts.{{sfn|Archi|1993|pp=407-408}} She could function as a divine midwife as well.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} It is possible she was a household deity due to her connection with family life and the hearth.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}}
As a healing goddess, she could be associated with deities such as [[Pirwa]], [[Maliya]]{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} and the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]] [[Šauška]] in Hittite rituals.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} The [[Luwians]] seemingly regarded her as analogous to [[List of Mesopotamian deities|Mesopotamian]] medicine goddess [[Gula (goddess)|Gula]], and in some cases texts presented as incantations of Gula in Mesopotamia were attributed to Kamrušepa in Luwian tradition.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=150}}
Unlike other Anatolian deities connected with magic, she was regarded as a resident of heaven.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=115}} It has been proposed she was connected to clouds or smoke, based on the possible origin of her name.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} She was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by horses,{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=408}} a mode of locomotion also attributed to the Luwian sun god Tiwad, who was associated with her.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=114}}
While she was connected with the Hattic and Palaic goddess Kataḫzipuri, and in bilingual [[Hittite language|Hittite]]-[[Hattic language|Hattic]] texts they correspond to each other,{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}} their names were not etymologically related.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} ''Kamrušepa'' likely means "spirit of the clouds" or "spirit of smoke" ("Genius der Wolke/des Qualms"),{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} though the connection between the first half of her name and the Hittite word ''kammara'' ("smoke") might only be a folk etymology,{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}} while the name of Kataḫzipuri had an unrelated Hattic etymology and means "queen of the land."{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980a|p=478}} Piotr Taracha proposed that in Palaic sources Kataḫzipuri might have functioned simply as an epithet of Kamrušepa applied to her due to contact with Hattic communities.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}}
Her attribute was an iron throne.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=439}}
==Worship==
Kamrušepa is already attested in the oldest texts from Kanesh.{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=439}} Later Hititte rituals preserve the association between her and this city.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=30}} According to a prayer meant to prevent the spread of a plague, another location associated with her was Taniwanda.{{sfn|Singer|Hoffner|2002|p=134}} Despite her position in the pantheon and her prominence in myths, little information is available when it comes to specific rituals or festivals connected to her.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|pp=114-115}}
Her status was also high in Luwian religion.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=58}} Piotr Taracha notes that there most likely was no single uniform Luwian pantheon, but certain deities, including Kamrušepa, as well as [[Tarḫunz|Tarhunt]], [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwad]], [[Maliya]], [[Arma (deity)|Arma]], [[Iyarri]], [[Sandas|Santa]] and a variety of tutelary gods represented by the logogram [[Lamassu|LAMMA]] were worshiped by most Luwian communities.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=107}} She is especially well attested in Luwian incantations from [[Kizzuwatna]].{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|pp=351-352}}
While she is one of the best attested goddesses in the Hittite pantheon of the [[Bronze Age]], there is presently no evidence for her worship continuing in the first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Lanaro|2015|p=86}}
==Mythology==
Kamrušepa appears in various Hittite myths. In ''Disappearance of Telipinu'', she instructs the other gods how to ensure the eponymous vegetation deity's return after an initial attempt fails.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=404}} The magical procedure she prepares involves an offering of twelve sheep taken from the herds of the sun god, which had to be taken to [[Ḫapantali]],{{sfn|Archi|1993|pp=404-405}} a Luwian shepherd goddess.{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=43}} A similar formula is known from a myth pertaining to the disappearance of the storm god.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=405}} In at least one fragmentary version, the personified sea ([[Aruna (Hittite mythology)|Aruna]]) is tasked with bringing the offered sheep to the right place.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=406}} Yet another fragment describes the solar god and Kamrušepa arguing with each other until they calm down by combing sheep together.{{sfn|Archi|1993|p=407}}
According to the Hittite text KUB 17 she was also the mother of Aruna.{{sfn|Frantz-Szabó|1980|p=351}} According to a local belief from Tauriša she and [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwad]], the Luwian sun god, were the parents of the city's tutelary god (LAMMA), referred to with the epithet ''wašḥazza'' ("sanctified" or "holy").{{sfn|Taracha|2009|p=100}} His spouse was a youthful goddess named Aššiyant, "the beloved."{{sfn|Haas|2015|p=446}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Kamrušepa and the Sheep of the Sun-God|journal=Orientalia|publisher=GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press|volume=62|issue=4|year=1993|issn=00305367| jstor=43078000|pages=404–409|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43078000|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{citation|last=Frantz-Szabó|first=Gabrielle|entry=Kamrušepa|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=1980|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#6239|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{citation|last=Frantz-Szabó|first=Gabrielle|entry=Kataḫzipuri|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|year=1980a|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#6392|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|last=Haas|first=Volkert|title=Geschichte der hethitischen Religion|publisher=Brill|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-29394-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOh5DwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lanaro|first=Anna|title=A goddess among Storm-gods. The stele of Tavşantepe and the landscape monuments of southern Cappadocia|journal=Anatolian Studies|publisher=British Institute at Ankara, Cambridge University Press|volume=65|year=2015|issn=00661546|jstor=24878379|pages=79–96|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24878379|access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|last=Singer|first=Itamar|last2=Hoffner|first2=Harry A.|title=Hittite Prayers|publisher=Brill|series=Writings from the Ancient World|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12695-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRvxkpO8UZcC&pg=PA134| access-date=2022-03-18}}
*{{cite book|first=Piotr|last=Taracha |title=Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia |publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=978-3447058858}}
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:かむるせは}}
[[Category:ヒッタイト神話]]
[[Category:ルウィ神話]]
[[Category:医薬神]]
