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[[File:Tefnut.png|thumbnail|女神テフヌトと、兄にして夫の神シューを描いた[[メナト]]という楽器]]
'''テフヌト'''（Tefnut）は、エジプト神話における'''湿気'''の女神。ヘリオポリス九柱神に数えられる。テフヌト、テフヌウト、テフェネト、テフヌートなどとも表記され、ギリシア語ではトフェニスと呼ばれる。
'''Tefnut''' ({{lang-egy| }} {{transl|egy|[[wikt:tfnwt|tfn.t]]}}; {{lang-cop|ⲧϥⲏⲛⲉ}} {{transl|cop|tfēne}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de/lemma/171880|title=Tfn.t (Lemma ID 171880)|website=Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Love|first=Edward O. D.|title=Script Switching in Roman Egypt|chapter=Innovative Scripts and Spellings at Narmoute/Narmouthis|publisher=de Gruyter|date=2021|page=312|doi=10.1515/9783110768435-014}}</ref> is a deity of [[moisture]], moist air, [[dew]] and [[rain]] in [[Ancient Egyptian religion]].<ref name="ReferenceA">The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart {{ISBN|0-415-34495-6}}</ref> She is the sister and consort of the air god [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]] and the mother of [[Geb]] and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]].
==Etymology==
The name Tefnut has no certain etymology but it may be an [[onomatopoeia]] of the sound of spitting, as [[Atum]] spits her out in some versions of the creation myth. Additionally, her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183">{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Richard H. |title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |date=2003 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05120-8 |page=183 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteGodsAndGoddessesOfAncientEgypt/The%20Complete%20Gods%20and%20Goddesses%20of%20Ancient%20Egypt/page/n183/mode/2up |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>
Like most Egyptian deities, including her brother, Tefnut has no single ideograph or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphs consists of four single [[phonogram (linguistics)|phonogram]] signs t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an [[ideogram]] or [[determinative]] for the word water (''mw''), or for anything associated with water.<ref>{{cite book|last=Betro|first=Maria Carmela|title=Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=0-7892-0232-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve/page/163 163]|language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve|url-access=registration}}</ref>
==Mythological origins==
{{see also|Ancient Egyptian creation myths}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}
[[File:Egyptian - Menat with the Heads of the Deities Shu and Tefnut - Walters 541515.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[menat]] depicting Tefnut and her husband-brother [[Shu (Egyptian deity)|Shu]].]]
Tefnut is a daughter of the [[solar deity]] [[Ra]]-[[Atum]]. Married to her twin brother [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]], she is mother of [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], the sky and [[Geb]], the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were [[Osiris]], [[Isis]], [[Set (deity)|Set]], [[Nephthys]], and, in some versions, [[Haroeris|Horus the Elder]]. She was also the great-grandmother of [[Harpocrates|Horus the Younger]]. Alongside her father, brother, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchild, she is a member of the [[Ennead]] of [[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].
There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of the twins Tefnut and Shu. In every version, Tefnut is the product of [[parthenogenesis]], and all involve some variety of body fluid.
In the Heliopolitan creation myth, Atum sneezed to produce Tefnut and Shu.<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A |title=Ancient Goddesses |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7141-1761-7 |editor=Goodison |editor-first=Lucy |editor-link=Lucy Goodison |location=London |pages=107 |chapter=5 |editor-last2=Morris |editor-first2=Christine |editor-link2=Christine E. Morris}}</ref> [[Pyramid Texts|Pyramid Text]] 527 says, "Atum was creative in that he proceeded to sneeze while in Heliopolis. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut."<ref name="Watterson">{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|pages=27|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref>
In some versions of this myth, Atum also spits out his saliva, which forms the act of procreation. This version contains a play on words, the ''tef'' sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning "to spit" or "to expectorate".<ref name="Watterson" />
The [[Coffin Texts]] contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The [[Bremner-Rind Papyrus]] and the [[Shabaka Stone|Memphite Theology]] describe Atum as sneezing out saliva to form the twins.<ref name="Pinch">{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=Geraldine|author-link=Geraldine Pinch|title=Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-mTqRTrimgC&pg=PA63|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-242-4|page=63}}</ref>
==Iconography==
Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great [[Ennead]] of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a [[uraeus]] serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard H|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=0-500-05120-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183 183]|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183}}</ref>
During the 18th and 19th Dynasties, particularly during the Amarna Period, Tefnut was depicted in human form wearing a low flat headdress, topped with sprouting plants. [[Akhenaten]]'s mother, [[Tiye]] was depicted wearing a similar headdress, and identifying with Hathor-Tefnut. The iconic blue crown of [[Nefertiti]] is thought by archaeologist [[Joyce Tyldesley]] to be derived from Tiye's headdress, and may indicate that she was also identifying with Tefnut.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyldesley|first1=Joyce|title=Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen|date=2005|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0140258202|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fv7nHi_3XCgC&q=tefnut+plant+crown&pg=PT107|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
==Cult centres==
Heliopolis and [[Leontopolis]] (now ell el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead,<ref name=Wilkinson /> and is referred to in relation to the purification of the ''wabet ''(priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{quote|I have ascended to you<br />
with the Great One behind me<br />
and [my] purity before me:<br />
I have passed by Tefnut,<br />
even while Tefnut was purifying me,<br />
and indeed I am a priest, the son of a priest in this temple."|Papyrus Berlin 3055<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hays|first=H.M|title=Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual|year=2009|pages=15–30|hdl=1887/15716|editor1-last=Nyord R, Kyolby A|publisher=[[Archaeopress]]|location=Leiden University Repository|quote=Rite 25 from Moret, Le Rituel de Cult, Paris 1902}}</ref>}}
At [[Karnak]], Tefnut formed part of the [[Ennead]] and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the pharaoh.<ref name="Meeks">{{cite book|last=Meeks|first=Dimitri|author2=Christine Favard-Meeks |title=Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|pages=128|isbn=0-7126-6515-3|language=en}}</ref>
She was worshiped with Shu as a pair of lions in Leontopolis in the [[Nile Delta]].<ref>The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart {{ISBN|0-415-34495-6}},</ref>
==Mythology==
Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the [[Eye of Ra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref> As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to have escaped to [[Nubia]] in a rage, jealous of her grandchildren's higher worship. Only after receiving the title "''honorable''" from [[Thoth]], did she return.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183"/> In the earlier [[Pyramid Texts]] she is said to produce pure waters from her [[vagina]].<ref>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans R.O. Faulkner, line 2065 Utt. 685.</ref>
As Shu had forcibly separated his son Geb from his sister-wife Nut, Geb challenged his father Shu, causing the latter to withdraw from the world. Geb, who was in love with his mother Tefnut, takes her as his chief queen-consort.<ref name="Handbook of Egyptian Mythology">{{cite book |last= Pinch|first= Geraldine|date= 2002|title= Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url= https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532|url-access= limited|publisher= ABC-CLIO|page= [https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532/page/n85 76]|isbn= 1576072428}}</ref>
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
== 概要 ==
