差分

'''エーコー'''（古典ギリシア語：Ἠχώ、Echo）は、ギリシア神話に登場する森のニンフである。一般的には'''エコー'''と表記される。ギリシア語で元々[[木霊]]の意味で、その擬人化である。[[パーン (ギリシア神話)|パーン神]]と美青年[[ナルキッソス]]との恋で有名であるが、古典時代にはこのような話はなく、ヘレニズム時代以降の後世の物語である。エコーは文字通りとの恋で有名であるが、古典時代にはこのような話はなく、'''ヘレニズム時代以降の後世の物語'''である。エコーは文字通り[[木霊]]・反響などを意味する。  In [[Greek mythology]], '''Echo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|k|oʊ}}; {{lang-el|Ἠχώ}}, ''Ēkhō'', "[[echo]]",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dh%29xw%2F ἠχώ], [[Henry Liddell]], Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> from ἦχος (''ēchos''), "sound"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dh%29%3Dxos ἦχος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>) was an [[Oread]] who resided on [[Cithaeron|Mount Cithaeron]].<ref>Aristophanes, Translated by [[Eugene O'Neill Jr.]] (1938). ''Thesmophoriazusae''. Lines 990-1000. Available at [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0042%3Acard%3D990 perseus.tufts.edu]</ref> [[Zeus]] loved consorting with beautiful [[nymph]]s and often visited them on Earth. Eventually, Zeus's wife, [[Hera]], became suspicious, and came from [[Mount Olympus]] in an attempt to catch Zeus with the nymphs. Echo, by trying to protect Zeus (as he had ordered her to do), endured Hera's wrath, and Hera made her only able to speak the last words spoken to her. So when Echo met [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]] and fell in love with him, she was unable to tell him how she felt and was forced to watch him as he fell in love with himself. {{Greek myth (nymph)}} ==Classical depiction==[[File:John William Waterhouse - Echo and Narcissus - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Echo and Narcissus (Waterhouse painting)|Echo and Narcissus]]'' ([[John William Waterhouse]], 1903, [[Walker Art Gallery]], [[Liverpool]])]] ===''Metamorphoses''===In ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' (8 AD), the poet [[Ovid]] tells of [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] (Hera in Greek mythology) and the jealousy she felt over her husband [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]'s (Zeus in Greek mythology) many affairs. Though vigilant, whenever she was about to catch him, Echo distracted her with lengthy conversations. When at last Juno realized the truth, she cursed Echo. From that moment on, the once loquacious nymph could only repeat the most recently spoken words of another person.<ref>[[Ovid]], Translated by David Raeburn (2004). ''[[Metamorphoses]]''. Penguin Classics. 3. 361-369. {{ISBN|014044789X}}</ref> Sometime after being cursed, Echo spied a young man, [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]], while he was out hunting deer with his companions. She [[Love at first sight|immediately fell in love with him]] and, infatuated, followed quietly. The more she looked at the young man, the more she longed for him. Though she wished with all her heart to call out to Narcissus, Juno's curse prevented her.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 370-378</ref> During the hunt, Narcissus became separated from his companions and called out, ‘is anyone there,’ and heard the nymph repeat his words. Startled, Narcissus answered the voice, ‘come here,’ only to be told the same. When Narcissus saw that nobody had emerged from the glade, he concluded that the owner of the voice must be running away from him and called out again. Finally, he shouted, "This way, we must come together." Taking this to be a reciprocation of her love, Echo concurred ecstatically, "We must come together!"<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 379-386</ref> In her delight, Echo rushed to Narcissus ready to throw her arms around her beloved. Narcissus, however, was appalled and, spurning her, exclaimed, ‘Hands off! May I die before you enjoy my body.’ All Echo could whisper in reply was, ‘enjoy my body’ and having done so she fled, scorned, humiliated, and shamed.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 386-392</ref> Despite the harshness of his rejection, Echo's love for Narcissus only grew.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 394</ref> When Narcissus died, wasting away before his own reflection, consumed by a love that could not be, Echo mourned over his body. When Narcissus, looking one last time into the pool uttered, "Oh marvellous boy, I loved you in vain, farewell", Echo too chorused, "Farewell."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 493-501</ref> Eventually, Echo, too, began to waste away. Her beauty faded, her skin shrivelled, and her bones turned to stone. Today, all that remains of Echo is the sound of her voice.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 3. 395-397</ref> ===''Daphnis and Chloe''===[[File:François Boucher's Daphnis and Chloe.jpg|thumb|''Daphnis recounting the tale of Echo to Chloe''. ([[François Boucher]], 1743, [[The Wallace Collection]], [[London]])]] The tale of ''[[Daphnis and Chloe]]'' is a 2nd-century romance by Greek author [[Longus]]. At one point in the novel, Daphnis and Chloe are staring out at the boats gliding across the sea. Chloe, having never heard an echo before, is confused on hearing the fisherman's song repeated in a nearby valley. Daphnis promises to tell her the story of Echo in exchange for ten more kisses.<ref name="Longus">[[Longus]], Translated by Ronald McCail (2009). ''[[Daphnis and Chloe]]''. Oxford University Press. Page 56, [3.22]. {{ISBN|0199554951}}</ref> Daphnis’ rendition differs radically from Ovid's account. According to Daphnis, Echo was raised among the Nymphæ because her mother was a nymph. Her father, however, was merely a man and hence Echo was not herself a nymph but mortal. Echo spent her days dancing with the Nymphæ and singing with the [[Muses]] who taught her all manner of musical instruments. [[Pan (god)|Pan]] then grew angry with her, envious of her musical virtuosity and covetous of her virginity, which she would yield neither to men nor gods. Pan drove the men of the fields mad, and, like wild animals, they tore Echo apart and scattered the still singing fragments of her body across the earth.<ref name="Longus"/> Showing favour to the Nymphæ, [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] hid the shreds of Echo within herself providing shelter for her music and at the Muses’ command, Echo's body will still sing, imitating with perfect likeness the sound of any earthly thing. Daphnis recounts that Pan himself often hears his very own pipes and, giving chase across the mountains, looks in vain for the secret student he can never find.<ref name="Longus"/> ===Other=== Both the [[Homeric Hymns|Homeric]] and [[Orphic Hymns]] to Pan reiterate Longus’ tale of Pan chasing Echo's secret voice across the mountains.<ref>[[Hesiod]] and [[Homer]], Translated by Hugh. G. Evelyn-White (2008). ''Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica''. Digireads.com. Homeric Hymn XIX. To Pan, p.127. {{ISBN|1420930753}}</ref><ref>[[Orpheus]], Translated by Thomas Taylor (2013). ''The Mystical Hymns of Orpheus''. Old Book Publishing Ltd. Orphic Hymn XI. To Pan, page 35. {{ISBN|1781071381}}</ref> Codex 190 of [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius']] ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'' states that Pan's unrequited love for Echo was placed there by [[Aphrodite]], angry at his verdict in a beauty contest.<ref>[[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]], Translated by René Henry (2003). ''Bibliothèque: Tome III: Codices 186-222''. Les Belles Lettres. Codex 190. {{ISBN|2251322221}}</ref> [[Nonnus]]’ ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' contains a number of references to Echo. In Nonnus’ account, though Pan frequently chased Echo, he never won her affection.<ref>[[Nonnus]], Translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse]] (1989). ''Dionysiaca: Books 1-15''. Loeb. Book XV, para. 306. {{ISBN|0674993799}}</ref> Book VI also makes reference to Echo in the context of the [[Flood myth|Great Deluge]]. Nonnus states that the waters rose so far that even high on the hills Echo was forced to swim. Having escaped the advances of Pan, she feared now the lust of [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''Dionysiaca'', Book VI, para. 257.</ref> Whereas Nonnus is adamant that Pan never wins Echo, in [[Apuleius]]' ''[[The Golden Ass]]'' Pan is described with Echo in his arms, teaching the nymph to repeat all manner of songs.<ref>[[Apuleius]], Translated by P. G. Walsh (2008). ''The Golden Ass''. Oxford University Press. Page 94, Book 5, para. 25. {{ISBN|0199540551}}</ref> Similarly in the ''[[Suda]]'' Echo is described as bearing Pan a child, ''[[Iynx]]''.<ref name="Sudias"/> Other fragments mention a second daughter, ''[[Iambe]]''.<ref name="OCD"/> ==Medieval depiction== ===''The Lay of Narcissus''===[[File:Nicolas Poussin, Eco e Narciso (ca. 1629-1630), Museo del Louvre, Parigi..jpg|thumb|left|''[[Echo and Narcissus (Poussin)|Echo and Narcissus]]'', a depiction of Echo and Narcissus featuring [[Cupid]] and his arrows. ([[Nicolas Poussin]], 1630, [[Louvre|Louvre Museum]], [[Paris]])]] ''The Lay of Narcissus'', one of many titles by which the work is known, is Norman-French verse narrative written towards the end of the 12th century. In the four manuscripts that remain, an unknown author borrows from the Echo and Narcissus of Ovid to create a story better suited to the needs of his time.<ref name="Dwyer">Dwyer, Richard (1978), ''Review: Narcisse: Conte ovidien français du XIIe siècle by Martine Thiry-Stassin, Madeline Tyssens.'' Speculum Vol. 53, No. 2, p.417</ref> This medieval account alters the characters of both Echo and Narcissus. In Ovid's account Echo is a beautiful nymph residing with the Muses, and Narcissus is a haughty prince. In ''The Lay of Narcissus'', Echo is replaced by the princess Dané. Conversely, Narcissus loses the royal status he bore in Ovid's account: in this rendition he is no more than a commoner, a vassal of Dané's father, the King.<ref name="Dwyer"/> In the ''Lay'', Dané is pierced by [[Cupid#Cupid's arrows|the arrows of Amor]] and falls madly in love with Narcissus. Though aware that she should first consult her father, she nonetheless shares her feelings with Narcissus. Despite her emphasising her royal lineage, Narcissus spurns her just as he spurns and flees from all women.<ref name="Harrison">{{cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Ann Turkey|year=1982|title=Echo and her Medieval Sister|journal=The Continental Review|volume=26|issue=4|page=326|jstor=23739427}}</ref> Humiliated, Dané calls out to [[Cupid|Amor]], and, in response, the god curses Narcissus. In a classic example of [[poetic justice]], Narcissus is forced to suffer the same pain he inflicted on others, namely the pain of unrequited love.<ref name="Dwyer"/> The vehicle of this justice is a pool of water in which Narcissus falls in love with his own reflection, which he at first mistakes for a woman.<ref name="Harrison"/> Deranged by lust, Dané searches for Narcissus, naked but for a cloak, and finds him at the point of death. Devastated, Dané repents ever calling to Amor.<ref name="Dwyer"/> Dané expresses her love for the last time, pulls close to her beloved and dies in his arms. The poet warns men and women alike not to disdain suitors lest they suffer a similar fate.<ref name="Harrison 2">Harrison, ''Echo and her Medieval Sister'', 327</ref> While Ovid's story is still recognisable, many of the details have changed considerably. Almost all references to pagan deities are gone, save Amor who is little more than a personification of love. Narcissus is demoted to the status of a commoner while Echo is elevated to the status of princess. Allusions to Narcissus’ homosexuality are expunged. While Ovid talks of Narcissus' disdain for both male and female suitors, the ''Lay'' only mentions his hatred of women. Similarly, in the ''Lay'', Narcissus mistakes his reflection for that of a woman, whereas no mention is made of this in Ovid's account. Finally, the tale is overtly moralized with messages about [[courtly love]]. Such exhortations were entirely absent from the ''Metamorphoses'' rendition.<ref name="Harrison 2"/> ===''The Romance of the Rose''===[[File:The_Spring_of_Narcissus.jpg|thumb|right|An early illustration of the Spring of Narcissus from ''[[Roman de la Rose|The Romance of the Rose]]'']] ''[[Roman de la Rose|The Romance of the Rose]]'' is a medieval French poem, the first section of which was written by [[Guillaume de Lorris]] in around 1230. The poem was completed by [[Jean de Meun]] in around 1275. Part of a much larger narrative, the tale of Echo and Narcissus is relayed when the central figure stumbles across the pool wherein Narcissus first glimpsed his own reflection.<ref name="Guillaume 23">[[Guillaume de Lorris]] and [[Jean de Meun]] (2008). ''The Romance of the Rose''. Oxford University Press. Page 23. {{ISBN|0199540675}}</ref> In this rendition, Echo is not a nymph, or a princess, but a noble lady. She fell madly in love with Narcissus, so much so that she declared that she would die should he fail to love her in turn. Narcissus refuses, not because he despises all women, but merely because he is haughty and excessively proud of his own beauty.<ref name="Guillaume 23"/> Guillaume relays that on hearing Narcissus’ rejection, Echo's grief and anger were so great that she died at once. However, in a similar vein to the ''Lay of Narcissus'', just before she dies, Echo calls out to [[Deus]]. She asks that Narcissus might one day be tormented by unrequited love as she had been, and, in so doing, understand how the spurned suffer.<ref name="Guillaume 23"/> As in the classical myth, Narcissus comes across a pool following a hunt. Though Echo prayed to Deus, and the tale notes that he answered her prayer, it is Amor who waits for Narcissus by the water. Amor causes Narcissus to fall for his own reflection, leading quickly to his death. The tale makes clear that this is not merely justice for Echo, but also punishment for Narcissus’ slight against love itself.<ref name="Guillaume 23"/> The tale concludes with an exhortation to all men warning them that, should they scorn their lovers, God will repay the offence.<ref>Guillaume, ''The Romance of the Rose'', 24</ref> Guillaume's rendition builds on the themes of courtly love emphasised in the ''Lay'' and moves further away from Ovid's initial account. The curse of Athena is absent entirely, and the tale is overtly moralised. Unlike in the ''Lay'', however, this moral message is aimed solely at women; this despite the fact that the offending behaviour is perpetrated by Narcissus not Echo.<ref>Harrison, ''The Romance of the Rose'', 328-329</ref>