タラニス

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ファイル:Gundestrup C.jpg
Gundestrup cauldron, created between 200 BC and 300 AD, is thought to have a depiction of Taranis on the inner wall of cauldron on tile C

ケルト神話では、タラニス（Proto-Celtic: *Toranos, earlier *Tonaros; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus）は雷神で、主にガリア、イスパニア、イギリス、アイルランドで崇拝され、ラインランドやドナウ地域などでも崇拝されていた。タラニスは、エスス、トータティスとともに、ケルトの神としてローマの詩人ルカヌスの叙事詩『ファルサリア』に登場し、人間の生け贄が捧げられたとされる[1]。タラニスは、ギリシャ神話のキュクロプス・ブロンテス（Cyclops Brontes、「雷」）と同様、車輪に関連していた。

ガリア地方からは、雷鳴と車輪を手にした髭のある神の像が多く出土しており、この神はジュピターと習合したようである[2]。

名前と語源

原ケルト語では *Toranos('Thunder')と呼ばれ、これは原インド・ヨーロッパ語(PIE)の「雷」の語幹 *(s)tenh₂-から派生した *Tonarosのメタテーゼ（音の切り替え）により派生したものと推定されている。この名前の原型は、クルニア（Clunia、現在のブルゴス県）のローマ軍将校が奉納した祭壇に見られるtanaro（チェスター、AD154）というダブスタ形式と、ポー川（北イタリア）の古名であるガリア語のハイドロニム Tanarus（「雷鳴」または「激しい」）で証明されている[3][4][5]。


The Proto-Celtic form of the name is reconstructed as *Toranos ('Thunder'), which derives through metathesis (switch of sounds) from an earlier *Tonaros, itself from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem for 'thunder', *(s)tenh₂-. The original, unmetathesized form of the name is attested in the dative form tanaro (Chester, 154 AD), found on a votive altar dedicated by a Roman officer from Clunia (modern Burgos Province), and in the Gaulish hydronym Tanarus ('thundering' or 'thunderous'), an ancient name of the River Po (northern Italy). Similar European hydronyms have also been proposed to belong to the same root.[6] The PIE s-initial seems to have been retained in Celtiberian steniontes, stenion, and stena.テンプレート:Sfn

In the Indo-European context, the Proto-Celtic name *Tonaros is identical to the Proto-Germanic Thunder-god *Þun(a)raz (cf. ON Þórr, OE Þunor, OS Thunar, OFris. Thuner, OHG Donar), and further related to the Sanskrit stánati and Latin tono, both meaning 'to thunder'.[3][7] According to scholar Peter Jackson, the Celtic–Germanic isogloss *Þun(a)raz ~ *Tonaros may have emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or epiclesis) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *Perkwunos.[8]

The later form *Toranos is attested in the Gaulish divine names Taranis and Taranucnos, as well as in the personal name Taranutius. The name Taran, which appears in the prehistoric section of the Pictish King-List, may also be interpreted as a euhemerized god. The Hispano-Celtic tar(a)nekūm could mean 'of the descendants of Tar(a)nos'.テンプレート:Sfn

Additional cognates may also be found in medieval Celtic languages, such as Old Irish torann ('thunder, noise'), Old Breton taran, Old Cornish taran, or Middle Welsh taran ('[peal of] thunder, thunderclap'). The Gaulish word for 'thunder' has been preserved in Gascon taram.[3]テンプレート:Sfn[7]

Association with the wheel

テンプレート:See also

ファイル:Rouelle votive wheels.jpg
Votive wheels called Rouelles, thought to correspond to the cult of Taranis. Thousands of such wheels have been found in sanctuaries in Belgic Gaul, dating from 50 BC to 50 AD. Musée d'Archéologie Nationale.

The wheel, more specifically the chariot wheel with six or eight spokes, was an important symbol in historical Celtic polytheism, apparently associated with a specific god, known as the wheel-god, identified as the sky- sun- or thunder-god, whose name is attested as Taranis by Lucan.[9] Numerous Celtic coins also depict such a wheel. The half-wheel shown in the Gundestrup cauldron "broken wheel" panel also has eight visible spokes.テンプレート:Citation needed

Symbolic votive wheels were offered at shrines (such as in Alesia), cast in rivers (such as the Seine), buried in tombs or worn as amulets since the Middle Bronze Age.[10] Such "wheel pendants" from the Bronze Age usually had four spokes, and are commonly identified as solar symbols or "sun crosses". Artefacts parallel to the Celtic votive wheels or wheel-pendants are the so-called Zierscheiben in a Germanic context. The identification of the Sun with a wheel, or a chariot, has parallels in Germanic, Greek and Vedic mythology (see sun chariot).テンプレート:Citation needed

Later cultural references

In 2013 a British combat drone system developed by defence contractor BAE Systems was named Taranis in reference to the Celtic god.[12]

Taranis and Toutatis are often mentioned by characters of the Asterix series.[13]

Taranis and other Celtic gods are often referred to in the EPIX television series Britannia

MacG Racing have developed a racing car called the Taranis racing in the British Endurance Championship[14]

See also

Footnotes

References

  • Ellis, Peter Berresford, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (Oxford Paperback Reference), Oxford University Press, (1994): ISBN 0-19-508961-8
  • テンプレート:Cite book
  • MacKillop, James. Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-280120-1.
  • Wood, Juliette, The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art, Thorsons Publishers (2002): ISBN 0-00-764059-5

Further reading

  • Gricourt, Daniel; Hollard, Dominique. "Taranis, caelestiorum deorum maximus". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 17, n°1, 1991. pp. 343–400. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1991.1919]; [www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1991_num_17_1_1919]
  • Gricourt, Daniel; Hollard, Dominique. "Taranis, le dieu celtique à la roue. Remarques préliminaires". In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 16, n°2, 1990. pp. 275–320. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/dha.1990.1491]; www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1990_num_16_2_1491

External links

テンプレート:Wiktionary テンプレート:Commons category

テンプレート:Celtic mythology (ancient)

テンプレート:Authority control

  1. ↑ M. Annaeus Lucanus. Pharsalia, Book I , https://web.archive.org/web/20060502115056/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/poetry/Pharsalia/chap1.html , 2006-05-02
  2. ↑ Paul-Marie Duval. 2002. Les Dieux de la Gaule. Paris, Éditions Payot.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matasović, Ranko, https://books.google.com/books?id=YN_YPQAACAAJ, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, 2009, Brill, isbn:9789004173361, pages384
  4. ↑ Koch, 2020, pp142–144
  5. ↑ Sutrop, Urmas. "Taarapita-the Great God of the Oeselians". In: Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 26 (2004). p. 40
  6. ↑ Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares. "Los dioses soberanos y los ríos en la religión indígena de la Hispania indoeuropea". In: Gerión n. 18 (2000). p. 204. テンプレート:ISSN
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 テンプレート:Cite book
  8. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  9. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  10. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  11. ↑ Home_index.HTM.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  12. ↑ Taranis stealth drone test flights successful.5 February 2014 - via {{{via}}}.
  13. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  14. ↑ MacG Racing Taranis.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
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