マッハ

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マッハ（Macha）は、ケルト神話に伝わる戦いの三女神の一柱[1]。正確には古アイルランド語でヴァハと呼ばれ[2]、その名は「戦」[3]、または「怒り」を意味する[4]。 「赤い鬣（たてがみ）のマッハ（Macha Mong Ruad）」または「赤毛のマッハ（Macha Dearg）」と呼ばれることもある[3]。

馬、戦い、豊饒、および主権を司ると言われる[5]。赤い髪に真っ赤なドレスとマントに身を包み、赤い一本足の馬に引かせた戦車で戦場を駆け巡り[3]、戦士達を戦闘の狂気の渦へ導くとされている[6]。モリガンが魔法の他に槍を用いて戦うのに対し、マッハは常に魔法のみを用いて戦う[4]。戦死者の首を食べるとされ、敵の首を門に飾るケルトの風習は「ヴァハの木の実の餌」と呼ばれ、彼女への供物だといわれている[2][7]。

神話ではデルバイス（Delbáeth）神と女神エルンワス（Ernmas）の間の娘で[8]、モリガン、バズヴとは三姉妹だとされている[1]。フィル・ヴォルグ族との戦いでは魔法を駆使してトゥアハ・デ・ダナーンの勝利に貢献したが[6]、フォモール族との戦いでバロールにヌアザと共に殺された。マッハは何度も転生を繰り返し、ネヴェズ族の族長の妻やミレ族の王女、クルンヌッフ（Cruinniuc）（クルンチュー）の妻たる妖精となって度々神話に登場している[3]。

マッハ（アイルランド語発音：[ˈmˠaxə]）は、古代アイルランドのアルスター州に関連する君主神[9][10]で、特にナヴァン要塞（Eamhain Mhacha）[11]とアーマー遺跡（Ard Mhacha）[12]は彼女にちなんで名付けられている[13]。アイルランド神話や民間伝承にはマッハと呼ばれる人物がいくつか登場するが、いずれも同じ女神を起源とすると考えられている。マッハは「モリグナ三姉妹」と呼ばれる三姉妹の一人と言われている。他の主権を司る女神と同様に、マッハは土地、豊穣、王権、戦争、馬と関連している[14]。

プロインシアス・マック・カナは3人のマッハを論じている。ネメドの妻マッハ、チンバエスの女王マッハ、クルンチュの妻マッハであり、彼女はウルステルマン族の衰弱を招いた[14]。グレゴリー・トナーはマッハ・モン・ルアードを加えて4人を論じた[15]。

語源・通称

この名称は、原ケルト語で「平原」を表す*makajā（主格*makajās「平原の」）に由来すると推定される[16]。現代のスコットランド・ゲール語では、語源的に関連する用語machairは、家畜が継続的に踏みつけ、放牧することによって維持されている肥沃な草原を指す。

『Dindsenchas』では、マッハはグリアン・バンチュール、「女性たちの太陽」と呼ばれ、ブリ・レイスのミディールの娘として言及されている[12]。

パーソロンの娘、マッハ

『Lebor Gabála Érenn』の詩には、マッハが洪水後のアイルランド最初の入植者のリーダーであるパートホロンの娘の一人であることが記されているが、彼女については何も記されていない[17]。

ネメドの妻、マッハ

洪水後、アイルランドに2度目の入植を果たしたネメドの妻として、2人目のマハが記録されていることが様々な資料で確認されている。


Various sources record a second Macha as the wife of Nemed, leader of the second settlement of Ireland after the flood. She was the first of Nemed's people to die in Ireland – twelve years after their arrival according to Geoffrey Keating,[18] twelve days after their arrival according to the Annals of the Four Masters.[19] It is said that the hilltop where she was buried was named after her: Ard Mhacha, "Macha's high place". The surrounding woodland was cleared by Nemed's folk and named Magh Mhacha, "Macha's plain". She is described as the daughter of red-weaponed Aed, as the raven of the raids and diffuser of all excellences.[20]

Macha, daughter of Ernmas

Macha, daughter of Ernmas, of the Tuatha Dé Danann, appears in many early sources. She is often mentioned together with her sisters, "Badb and Morrigu, whose name was Anand".[21] The three (with varying names) are often considered a triple goddess associated with war.[22] O'Mulconry's Glossary, a thirteenth-century compilation of glosses from medieval manuscripts preserved in the Yellow Book of Lecan, describes Macha as "one of the three morrígna" (the plural of Morrígan), and says the term Mesrad Machae, "the mast of Macha", refers to "the heads of men that have been slaughtered". A version of the same gloss in MS H.3.18 identifies Macha with Badb, calling the trio "raven women" who instigate battle.[23] Keating explicitly calls them "goddesses",[24] but medieval Irish tradition was keen to remove all trace of pre-Christian religion. Macha is said to have been killed by Balor during the battle with the Fomorians.[25][26]

Macha Mong Ruad

Macha Mong Ruad ("red hair"), daughter of Áed Rúad ("red fire" or "fire lord" – a name of the Dagda), was, according to medieval legend and historical tradition, the only queen in the List of High Kings of Ireland. Her father Áed rotated the kingship with his cousins Díthorba and Cimbáeth, seven years at a time. Áed died after his third stint as king, and when his turn came round again, Macha claimed the kingship. Díthorba and Cimbáeth refused to allow a woman to take the throne, and a battle ensued. Macha won, and Díthorba was killed. She won a second battle against Díthorba's sons, who fled into the wilderness of Connacht. She married Cimbáeth, with whom she shared the kingship. Macha pursued Díthorba's sons alone, disguised as a leper, and overcame each of them in turn when they tried to have sex with her, tied them up, and carried the three of them bodily to Ulster. The Ulstermen wanted to have them killed, but Macha instead enslaved them and forced them to build Emain Macha (Navan Fort near Armagh), to be the capital of the Ulaid, marking out its boundaries with her brooch (explaining the name Emain Macha as eó-muin Macha or "Macha's neck-brooch").[27] Macha ruled together with Cimbáeth for seven years, until he died of plague at Emain Macha, and then a further fourteen years on her own, until she was killed by Rechtaid Rígderg.[28][29] The Lebor Gabála synchronises her reign to that of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC).[30] The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates her reign to 468–461 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 661–654 BC.

Marie-Louise Sjoestedt writes of this figure: "In the person of this second Macha we discover a new aspect of the local goddess, that of the warrior and dominator; and this is combined with the sexual aspect in a specific manner which reappears in other myths, the male partner or partners being dominated by the female."[31]

Macha, wife of Cruinniuc

Macha, daughter of Sainrith mac Imbaith, was the wife of Cruinniuc, an Ulster farmer. Some time after the death of Cruinniuc's first wife, Macha appears at his house. Without speaking, she begins keeping the house and acting as his wife. Soon she becomes pregnant by him. As long as they were together Cruinniuc's wealth grew. When he leaves to attend a festival organised by the king of Ulster, she warns him that she will only stay with him so long as he does not speak of her to anyone, and he promises to say nothing. However, during a chariot race, he boasts that his wife can run faster than the king's horses. The king orders Cruinniuc be held on pain of death unless he can make good on his claim. Although she is heavily pregnant, Macha is brought to the gathering and the king forces her to race the horses. She wins the race, but then cries out in pain as she gives birth to twins on the finish line; a boy named Fír ("True") and a girl named Fial ("Modest").[12] For disrespecting and humiliating her, she curses the men of Ulster to be overcome with weakness—as weak "as a woman in childbirth"—at the time of their greatest need. This weakness would last for five days and the curse would last for nine generations. Thereafter, the place where Macha gave birth would be called Emain Macha, or "Macha's twins".[32][33]

This tale, The Debility of the Ulstermen (Noínden Ulad) explains the meaning of the name Emain Macha, and explains why none of the Ulstermen but the semi-divine hero Cúchulainn could resist the invasion of Ulster in the Táin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley).[13][33] It shows that Macha, as goddess of the land and sovereignty, can be vengeful if disrespected,[10] and how the rule of a bad king leads to disaster.[34]

This Macha is particularly associated with horses—it is perhaps significant that twin colts were born on the same day as Cúchulainn, and that one of his chariot-horses was called Liath Macha or "Macha's Grey"—and she is often compared with the Welsh mythological figure Rhiannon.[13]

Relationships of the Machas

Macha is named as the wife of Nemed, son of Agnoman, or alternately as the wife of Crund, son of Agnoman, which may indicate an identity of Nemed with Crund. Macha is also named as the daughter of Midir and Aed the Red.[12]

See also

References

参考文献

  • Wikipedia：マッハ (ケルト神話)（最終閲覧日：23-02-28）
    • 松村一男『世界の神々の事典 - 神・精霊・英雄の神話と伝説 - 』学研〈Books Esoterica 事典シリーズ 5〉、2004年、ISBN 978-4-05-603367-0
    • STUDIO-M『ケルト - 幻想の神々 - 』ジャパン・ミックス、1997年、ISBN 978-4-88321-355-9
    • 山北篤監修、稲葉義明他著 『西洋神名事典』新紀元社、1999年、ISBN 978-4-88317-342-6
    • 健部伸明と怪兵隊『虚空の神々』新紀元社〈Truth in Fantasy 6〉、1990年、ISBN 978-4-915146-24-4
    • 池上正太『ケルト神話』新紀元社〈Truth In Fantasy 85〉、2011年、ISBN 978-4-7753-0868-4

関連項目

参照

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 『虚空の神々』170頁。
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 『世界の神々の事典』202頁。
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 『虚空の神々』171頁。
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 『西洋神名事典』199頁。
  5. ↑ 『ケルト神話』141頁。
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 『虚空の神々』169頁。
  7. ↑ 『ケルト』66頁。
  8. ↑ 『ケルト神話』348頁。
  9. ↑ 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。 「o hogain」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。 「green」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません
  11. ↑ Toner, 2010, p86
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。 「dindsenchas-rennes-094-Ard_Macha」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 1231
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mac Cana, Prionsias. "The Goddesses of the Insular Celts". Celtic Mythology. Hamlyn, 1970.
  15. ↑ Toner, 2010, p81
  16. ↑ Proto-Celtic lexicon, https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041947/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/institutes/sassi/spns/ProtoCelt.pdf |date=27 September 2007
  17. ↑ Lebor Gabála Érenn §38
  18. ↑ Keating, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn 1.7
  19. ↑ Annals of the Four Masters M2850
  20. ↑ The Metrical Dindsenchas "Ard Macha"
  21. ↑ Lebor Gabála Érenn §62, 64 テンプレート:Webarchive
  22. ↑ James MacKillop, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 281–282
  23. ↑ Angelique Gulermovich Epstein, War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts, September 1998, pp. 49–52.
  24. ↑ Geoffrey Keating, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn 1.11
  25. ↑ Lebor Gabála Érenn §60, 62, 64 テンプレート:Webarchive
  26. ↑ Whitley Stokes (ed & trans), The Second Battle of Moytura, p. 101
  27. ↑ Eugene O'Curry, Lectures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient Irish History, 1861, Appendix No. XXXVIII
  28. ↑ Geoffrey Keating, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn 1.27-1.28
  29. ↑ Annals of the Four Masters M4532-4546
  30. ↑ R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V, Irish Texts Society, 1956, pp. 263–267
  31. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  32. ↑ The Debility of the Ulstermen.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 引用エラー: 無効な <ref> タグです。 「noinden_ulad-hull」という名前の引用句に対するテキストが指定されていません
  34. ↑ Fee, Christopher and Leeming, David. The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother. Reaktion Books, 2016.
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