アリンナの太陽女神

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インド・ヨーロッパ語族アナトリア語派のおおよその地理的分布。ルウィ語はアナトリア半島南部で使用されていた。
「太陽神」を示す楔型文字。シュメール語の「ウトゥ」である。
赤ん坊を抱いた太陽女神の像であろう、15–13th C. BC
アラカホユック（Alacahöyük）遺跡、太陽女神アリンナのレリーフ

　アリンナの太陽女神（Sun goddess of Arinna）は時にはアリニッティ（Arinniti）あるいはウルセム（Wuru(n)šemu）と同一視される[1]。女神はヒッタイト神話の最高神で、天候神タルフンナの妻とされる。女神はヒッタイト王国の守護者で、「大地の女王」と呼ばれていた。太陽女神信仰の中心は聖なる都市アリンナだった。

　アリンナの太陽女神に加えて、ヒッタイトでは「大地の太陽女神」と「天の太陽神」が信仰されていた。ルウィ人の間では、独自に古いインド・ヨーロッパ祖語の太陽神ティワズ（Tiwaz）が信じられた。ヒッタイト初期の北方文化圏には、男性の太陽神は存在しなかったと思われる。[2]

　文書に遺されている様々な太陽神達は、単に楔型文字でdUTU (太陽神)としか書かれていないため、区別することが難しい。その結果、太陽神達の解釈が議論の的となっている。

家族と神話

　アリンナの太陽女神と天候神タルフンナは１対をなして、共にヒッタイトの神殿の最高位を占めた。 The pair's daughter is Mezulla, by whom they had the granddaughter Zintuḫi. Their other children were the Weather god of Nerik, the Weather god of Zippalanda, and the corn god Telipinu. The eagle served as her messenger.

In myths, she plays a minor role. A Hattian mythic fragment records the construction of her house in Liḫzina. Another myth fragment refers to her apple tree:

An apple tree stands at a well and is covered all over with a blood-red colour. The Sun goddess of Arinna saw (it) and she decorated (it) with her shining wand.
   ___KUB 28.6 Vs. I 10’-13’ = II 10’-13’

Origin and development

The Sun goddess of Arinna was originally of Hattian origin and was worshipped by the Hattians at Eštan. One of her Hattian epithets was Wurunšemu ("Mother of the land"?).[3]

From the Hittite Old Kingdom, she was the chief goddess of the Hittite state. The "Gods' city" of Arinna was the site of the coronation of the first Hittite kings and one of the empire's three holy cities. The Hattian name of the goddess was transcribed by the Hittites as Ištanu and Urunzimu. They also invoked her as Arinitti ("The Arinnian"). The epithet "of Arinna" only appears during the Hittite Middle Kingdom, to distinguish the Sun goddess from the male Sun god of Heaven, who had been adopted by the Hittites from interaction with the Hurrians.[4]

During the Hittite New Kingdom, she was identified with the Hurrian-Syrian goddess Ḫepat and the Hittite Queen Puduḫepa mentions her in her prayers using both names:

Sun goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all lands! In the Land of Ḫatti, you ordained your name to be the "Sun goddess of Arinna", but also in the land which you have made the land of the cedar, you ordained your name to be Ḫepat.
   ___CTH 384[5]

Royal ideology

From the Hittite Old Kingdom, the Sun goddess of Arinna legitimised the authority of the king, in conjunction with the weather god Tarḫunna. The land belonged to the two deities and the established the king, who would refer to the Sun goddess as "Mother".[6] King Ḫattušili I would hold the Sun goddess in his lap.[7] Several queens dedicated cultic solar discs to the Sun goddess in the city of Taḫurpa. During the Hittite New Kingdom, the Sun goddess was said to watch over the king and his kingdom, with the king as her priest and the queen as her priestess. The Hittite king worshiped the Sun goddess with daily prayers at sun set. The Hittite texts preserve many prayers to the Sun goddess of Arinna: the oldest is from Arnuwanda I, while the best known is the prayer of Queen Puduḫepa, cited above.

Cult

The most important temple of the Sun goddess was in the city of Arinna; there was another on the citadel of Ḫattuša. The goddess was depicted as a solar disc. In the city of Tarḫurpa, several such discs were venerated, which had been donated by the Hittite queens. King Ulmi-Teššup of Tarḫuntašša donated a Sun disc of gold, silver and copper to the goddess each year, along with a bull and three sheep. She was also often depicted as a woman and statuettes of a sitting goddess with a halo may also be depictions of her.[8]

The deer was sacred to the Sun goddess and Queen Puduḫepa promised to give her many deer in her prayers. Cultic vessels in the shape of a deer presumably were used for worship of the Sun goddess. It is also believed that the golden deer statuettes from the Early Bronze Age, which were found in the middle of the Kızılırmak River and belong to the Hattian cultural period, ere associated with the cult of the Sun goddess.

Ištanu

The name Ištanu is the Hittite form of the Hattian name Eštan and refers to the Sun goddess of Arinna.[疑問?][9] Earlier scholarship understood Ištanu as the name of the male Sun god of the Heavens,[10] but more recent scholarship has held that the name is only used to refer to the Sun goddess of Arinna.[11] Volkert Haas, however, still distinguishes between a male Ištanu representing the day-star and a female Wurunšemu who is the Sun goddess of Arinna and spends her nights in the underworld.[12]

See also

  • List of solar deities

Bibliography

  • Maciej Popko: Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Vol. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-05867-4.
  • Volkert Haas: Geschichte der hethitischen Religion; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Part 1, Vol. 15; Brill 1994. ISBN 90-04-09799-6.

References

  1. ↑ Arinna.December 27, 2018 - via Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Maciej Popko: Zur luwischen Komponente in den Religionen Altanatoliens; AOF 34 (2007), 63–69
  3. ↑ Jörg Klinger: Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1996, ISBN 3-447-03667-2
  4. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8. S. 89
  5. ↑ Dietrich Sürenhagen: Zwei Gebete Ḫattušilis und der Puduḫepa. Textliche und literaturhistorische Untersuchungen; Aof 8 (1981), pp. 83–168.
  6. ↑ Maciej Popko: Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-05867-4. p. 28
  7. ↑ Volkert Haas: Geschichte der hethitischen Religion; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. 1, Bd. 15; Brill 1994. ISBN 90-04-09799-6. S. 585
  8. ↑ Maciej Popko: Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-05867-4. pp. 30
  9. ↑ Maciej Popko: Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. ISBN 978-3-447-05867-4. p. 27
  10. ↑ Einar von Schuler: "Kleinasien: Die Mythologie der Hethiter und Hurriter," in: Wörterbuch der Mythologie. Stuttgart 1965. pp. 198 f.
  11. ↑ Jörg Klinger: Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht; Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten 37, Wiesbaden 1996, ISBN 3-447-03667-2
  12. ↑ Volkert Haas(2011), Religionen des Alten Orients: Hethiter. Göttingen. p.226. ISBN 978-3-525-51695-9.
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