オェングス

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オェングス（Aengus、Aengus、Oengus、Aonghus）は、ケルト神話の愛と若さ、美、青年、夏、詩的インスピレーションを司る神である。オィンガス、アンガス・オグ、エーンガスとも呼ばれる。トゥアハ・デ・ダナーン（Tuatha Dé Danann、ダーナ神族）のひとり[1]。オェングスは、マカン・オック（「若い男の子」または「若い息子」）とも呼ばれ、ウェールズ神話のマボン（Mabon ap Modron）やケルトの神マポノス（Maponos）に相当する[1]。

父はダグザ、母はボアーン（Boann）。養父はミディール。養子はディルムッド・オディナ。

オェングスはアイルランドの5つの神話で中心的な役割を担っている。

概要

彼は黄金でできた竪琴を持っている。また彼の口づけが小鳥になり、小鳥のさえずる声が若者の心に恋心になって飛び込んでいくという。

オェングスはミディールに育てられた。やがて成人したオェングスはダグザの王宮を訪ね、「昼と夜に居させてほしい」と言った。何日もオェングスが居続けるのでダグザがわけをきくと、オェングスは「昼と夜とは永遠のことだ。あなたは永遠に居てもいいと言った」と答えた。こうしてオェングスはダグザの王宮を得て、妖精国の王になった。

ある晩、オェングスの寝床に美しい女性が現れた。オェングスが寝床に入れようとすると彼女は消えてしまった。次の晩から女性は、毎晩現れては笛で美しい音色を奏でた後消えた。彼女に恋い焦がれたオェングスは病気になった。誰にも理由を話さないオェングスを見て、医術の神フィンゲンが原因を恋の病だと見抜いた。父母が心配し、手をつくしてその女性を捜し始めた。マンスターの王ボォヴ（Bodb Derg）にも探してもらい、ようやく女性を見つけた。それは、コノートのウェヴァンという妖精の丘に住むエタル・アヌバァル（Ethal）の娘、カー (ケルト神話)（Caer Ibormeith）であった。ところが彼女は非常に魔力が強いため、父のエタルにもカーをオェングスに嫁がせることはできないのだった。しかしエタルは、カーが1年ごとに白鳥と人間の姿を交互にとること、次の11月1日の「サウィン」には白鳥の姿になって仲間たちと湖を泳いでいるはずだと話した。

オェングスは11月1日に湖へ行き、150羽いる白鳥の中にいたカーの白鳥を呼んだ。そして飛んできたカーを抱きしめて自分も白鳥になった。2羽の白鳥は仲良くオェングスの王宮へ飛んでいって、以後カーはオェングスと一緒に暮らしたという。

オェングスは、ミディールが新しく迎えた妻エーディンが本妻のファームナッハ（Fuamnach）に嫉妬されて蝶に変身させられ、自分の王宮に逃れてきたときに、彼女のために美しい四阿を作って、甘い蜜をもつ花をたくさん咲かせた。ファームナッハの魔法はオェングスにも解けなかったものの、エーディンは夜の間だけは人間の姿に戻れた。2人は、ファームナッハが嵐を起こして蝶を飛ばしてしまうまで、四阿でつかの間の恋を楽しんだという。

名前

古アイルランド語ではÓengusまたはOíngus（oiŋɡus）といい、アドムナン（Adomnán）の『聖コロンバの生涯』ではOinogus（s）iusとして記載されている[2]。これは、「真の活力（true vigour）」を意味するプロト・ケルト語の名前に由来すると考えられている[1]。中世のディンセンチャス（Dindsenchas）は「一つの望み」に由来し、ボアーンがダグザとの結婚を唯一の望みとしたため、この名前をつけたと説明している[3]。中世アイルランド語ではÁengusとなり、現代アイルランド語ではAonghus（ˈeːŋɡəsˠ、ˈeːŋɣəsˠ）となった。

また、オェングスはÓengus Óc/Aengus Óg（「若いオェングス」）、Mac ind Óc（「若い者の息子」）、Maccan/Macán、Mac Óc/Mac Óg（「若い息子」）の名でも知られている[1]。

ケルト学者のジョン・T・コッホ（John T. Koch）と（ケネス・H・ジャクソン）Kenneth H. Jacksonによれば、Aengusはピクト語のOnuist/Unuistや古ウェールズ語のUnustと同義である[Aengusとされている[4][5]。

家族

オェングスの両親はダグザとボアーン、育ての親はエルクマールやミディールなど様々であった[6][1][7]。ボイン川沿いのニューグレンジに住み、マナナンの金髪の娘クルコグ（Curcog）を養女として育てたと言われている[1][7]。 スコットランドの民間伝承では、アンガスはブリギッド（Brigid）の夫であり、冬の妖精の女王ベイラ（Beira）の息子であるとされています[8]。


Aengus' parents were The Dagda and Boann, and his foster-father was variously Elcmar or Midir. He was said to have lived at Newgrange by the River Boyne, where he raised Manannán's blonde-haired daughter Curcog as his foster. In the folklore of Scotland, Angus is the husband of Brigid and son of Beira, the Fairy Queen of Winter. His siblings include Aed, Cermait, Bodb Derg, and Brigid. Aengus is the foster-father and protector of Diarmuid Ua Duibhne of the Fianna. He rescues Diarmuid and Gráinne during their pursuit by the Fianna; after Diarmuid's death, Aengus takes his body back to the Brú na Bóinne where he breathes life into it when he wishes to speak with Diarmuid. According to Death Tales of the Tuatha de Danann, Aengus kills his stepfather Elcmar in retaliation for killing Midir. Aengus has a son named Nemhannach who is mentioned in the Battle of Ventry.[9]

Physical description

In a late folktale recorded in Scotland, the following physical description is provided:

"Then Angus mounted his white steed and rode eastward...He was clad in raiment of shining gold, and from his shoulders hung his royal robe of crimson which the wind uplifted and spread out in gleaming splendour athwart the sky."

Then a bard composed the following song about Angus:

<poem>

Angus hath come - the young the fair, The blue-eyed god with golden hair, The god who to the world doth bring, This morn the promise of the spring.[8]

</poem>

In Irish myths, Aengus is variously described in the following terms:

  • expert in arms[7]
  • horseman[7]
  • sailor[7]
  • son of the Dagda[7]
  • of the many exploits[10]
  • of the battle squadrons (along with Aed and Cermait)[11]
  • red armed[12]
  • mighty and stern[10]

Mythology

Irish mythology

ファイル:Newgrange, Ireland 001.jpg
The entrance of Newgrange

The Dagda has an affair with Boann, the goddess of the River Boyne. She lives at Brú na Bóinne with her husband Elcmar. The Dagda impregnates her after sending Elcmar away on a one-day errand. To hide the pregnancy from Elcmar, the Dagda casts a spell on him, making "the sun stand still" so he will not notice the passing of time. Meanwhile, Boann gives birth to Aengus. Eventually, Aengus learns that the Dagda is his true father and asks him for a portion of land. In some versions of the tale—probably the original, from The Wooing of Etain—the Dagda helps Aengus take ownership of the Brú from Elcmar. Aengus asks and is given the Brú for láa ocus aidche; because in Old Irish this could mean either "a day and a night" or "day and night", Aengus claims it forever. Other versions have Aengus taking over the Brú from the Dagda himself by using the same trick. The Brú is then named Brug maic ind Óig after him.[13][14] In The Wooing of Etain version, Midir is Aengus's foster-father.[15]

It has been suggested that this tale represents the winter solstice illumination of Newgrange at Brú na Bóinne, during which the sunbeam (the Dagda) enters the inner chamber (the womb of Boann) when the sun's path stands still. The word solstice (Irish grianstad) means sun-standstill. The conception of Aengus may represent the 'rebirth' of the sun at the winter solstice, him taking over the Brú from an older god representing the growing sun taking over from the waning sun.[14][16] Dáithí Ó hÓgáin suggested the tale probably dramatizes the idea "that the blooming of youth denies the process of aging - at the youthful stage of life time passes slowly and vitality seems to be permanent".[1]

In The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails, a similar story is related in which Manannán mac Lir, called the High King over all the Tuath Dé, convinces Aengus to cast a spell by reciting a poem called "Luck and Prosperity" to his foster-father Elcmar. The spell forces Elcmar from the Brú until "ogham and pillar, heaven and earth, and the sun and the moon have been blended together". Elcmar then tells Aengus that he would have given him the Brú if he had but asked, but due to Manannán's incantation, he and his people will face woe and madness for the rest of their days. In this telling of the story, Aengus expresses remorse for banishing Elcmar and his people.[7]

Aengus kills Lugh Lámhfhada's poet for lying about his brother Ogma an Cermait. The poet claims that Ogma an Cermait had an affair with one of Lugh's wives.

In The Wooing of Etain, Aengus is able to partially lift a spell against Étaín, the horse goddess he won for his brother Midir. In a jealous rage, Midir's wife Fuamnach turns Étaín into a beautiful fly. Returning Étaín into her human form at night, Aengus makes her his lover until Fuamnach discovers the secret and drives Étaín away. Aengus kills his foster mother for her treachery.

In another tale Aengus falls in love with a girl he sees in his dreams. His mother, Boann, goddess of the River Boyne, and a cow goddess whose milk formed the Milky Way (Bealach na Bó Finne, or the White Cow's Way in Irish), searches Ireland for a year, then his father, the Dagda, does the same. Finally, King Bodb Derg of Munster finds her after a further year.[17]

Aengus visits the lake of the Dragon's Mouth and finds 150 girls chained in pairs, including Caer Ibormeith, the girl from his dreams, among them. Every second Samhain, Caer and the other girls transform into swans for a year. Aengus is told he can marry Caer if he can identify her in swan form. Aengus turns himself into a swan and they fly away, singing beautiful music that puts all who listen to sleep for three days and nights.[17]

In other legends Aengus is able to repair broken bodies and return them to life.テンプレート:Citation needed

Similarities have been observed between Aengus and the Greek god Hermes.[18]

Scottish folklore

In the folklore of Scotland, Angus is the fairest son of the Beira (the Cailleach), who rules over Winter. Aengus remains in Tír na nÓg all winter until he has a dream of Brigid that compels him to search the land for her. Brigid was held in captivity by the Fairy Queen who envied her beauty and forced Brigid to complete impossible chores. Angus finally leaves Tír na nÓg on his white steed by borrowing three days from August in order to search for Brigid. After searching everywhere, he eventually finds Brigid in Beira's underground palace just as Spring is beginning; when they meet on the first day of spring, flowers begin to blossom and grass grows, and Brigid's shabby clothing is transformed into white robes with silver spangles, and her hair is garlanded with spring and summer flowers. Angus marries Brigid in a wedding feast, which is disrupted by Beira, who chases them off with storm clouds on her black steed. Eventually Beira grows old and weak and has to return to the Well of Youth for rejuvenation, where she again falls asleep, and Angus and Bride become the King and Queen of summer.[8]

In another folktale, it is related that Beira's son Angus contradicts all of his mother's orders in an effort to become King of the Universe. Angus is "weak minded and light headed," and in punishment Beira traps her son in the rocks, where he is forced to repeat the words of others (i.e. echo).[19]

Possessions

Aengus owns a sword named Moralltach, the Great Fury, given to him by Manannan mac Lir. This he gave to his foster-son Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, along with a sword named Beagalltach, the Little Fury, and two spears of great power, Gáe Buide and Gáe Derg.

In Scottish folklore Aengus possesses a golden harp with silver strings, and when he plays it maidens and youths follow the music through the woods. He also kisses lovers, and when the lovers part, the kisses become invisible birds that follow the lovers home singing love songs and whispering memories in their ears.[8] Similarly, in the Dindsenchas, Aengus shapes his kisses into four birds that followed Cairbre to mock him each day before sunrise. This mockery continues until Cairbre's druid enchants a tree from Fid Frosmuine with song, which causes the tree to grow high above all others and detain Aengus' birds.[20]

In some legends, Aengus possesses a white horse, which he rides from the Land of Promise during the Spring.[8] In the Dindsenchas, a tale called "Tuag Inber" is relayed in which Aengus provides Eochu and Ablend a swift horse while they are encamped with their cattle. He tells them to unbridle the horse in a meadow before it "sheds its water" and causes their deaths; Eochu and Ablend forget to unharness the horse, and it forms a well, around which Eochu builds confinement.[10] The poem of Loch Ri is nearly identical to "Tuag Inber," except the character names differ and Aengus is replaced by Midir.[21]

Modern depictions

テンプレート:Main

  • Aengus appears in the Irish poet William Butler Yeats's poem "The Song of Wandering Aengus",[22] which describes Aengus's endless search for his lover.
  • Aengus Og appears in James Stephens' novel The Crock of Gold,[23] where his aid is solicited by the Philosopher.
  • In the Copper episode "Husbands and Fathers", Corcoran tells O'Brien to take Annie upstairs and tell her a story. O'Brien says to Annie, "I shall tell you about the Dream of Aengus and the Wooing of Etain."
  • Aengus and his father the Dagda appear in Kate Thompson's young adult novel The New Policeman. Aengus acts as the protagonist's guide to Tír na nÓg and helps him restore it to its timeless state.
  • Aengus is the primary antagonist of Hounded, Book 1 of The Iron Druid Chronicles.
  • Aengus makes a brief appearance leading his father's funeral in Hellboy: The Wild Hunt. Although Angus himself never speaks, his father Dagda is a frequent character in other Hellboy stories.
  • The name of Aengus appears also in the song of Johnny Flynn "Wandering Aengus" from album "Sillion" (2017).
  • Aengus appears in season four of ScyFy's "The Magicians " television show, though for some reason he is portrayed as a puzzle-loving trickster god.

Texts


参考文献

  • Wikipedia：オェングス（最終閲覧日：22-11-07）
    • 井村君江 (著) 『ケルトの神話―女神と英雄と妖精と』(ちくま文庫)
    • ウィリアム・バトラー・イエイツ, 栗原古城, NDLDC:906509, 幻の海, 赤城正蔵, 1914

関連項目

外部リンク

テンプレート:コトバンク

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice-Hall Press, 1991. pp.38–40
  2. ↑ Adamnan, Reeves, William, Life of Saint Columba, Founder of Hy, 1874, Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh, 123, https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8VULAAAAYAAJ, 18 January 2018
  3. ↑ Stokes, Whitley, The Metrical Dindsenchas: Boand II, https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T106500C.html, Corpus of Electronic Texts, University College, Cork, 3 August 2019}}
  4. ↑ Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Ed. John T. Koch. Santa Barbara and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 1389, 1444, 1657. ISBN:185-1094407.
  5. ↑ Calise, J. M. P. Pictish Sourcebook: Documents of Medieval Legend and Dark Age History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. p. 246. ISBN:9780313322952.
  6. ↑ The Wooing of Etain https://web.archive.org/web/20150307235133/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/etain.html, 2015-03-07 The Celtic Literature Collective
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 The Book of Fermoy "The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails"
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Mackenzie, Donald Alexander, Wonder Tales from Scottish Myth and Legend, 1917, Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York, NY, https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/tsm/tsm05.htm, 30 August 2020
  9. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 The Metrical Dindsenchas: Tuag Inber.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  11. ↑ “Ailech III”
  12. ↑ “Brefne”
  13. ↑ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.39
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hensey, Robert. Re-discovering the winter solstice alignment at Newgrange, in The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2017. pp.11-13
  15. ↑ The Wooing of Étaíne CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts
  16. ↑ Anthony Murphy and Richard Moore. "Chapter 8, Newgrange: Womb of the Moon", Island of the Setting Sun: In Search of Ireland's Ancient Astronomers. Liffey Press, 2008. pp.160-172
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Dream of Oengus テンプレート:Webarchive The Celtic Literature Collective
  18. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  19. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  20. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  21. ↑ The Metrical Dindsenchas: "Loch Ri," Poem 84
  22. ↑ The Song of Wandering Aengus, Bartleby.com; "Source: The Wind Among the Reeds (1899)", poetry foundation.org.
  23. ↑ The Crock of Gold
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