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=== オカルト ===
''ディヴ''はオカルトの専門書にも登場する。その描写は、しばしばインド神話の思想を思わせる。あるいは直接インドの神々と同一視される<ref>Travis Zadeh ''Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014 p-142-149</ref>。ディヴを奴隷にするためには、針で皮膚を刺すか、鉄の輪で縛らなければならない。また、髪を火にくべて、呼び出す方法もある<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica"/>。ソロモンが悪魔を奴隷にしたように、'''ディブ'''もそのようになると言われている。おそらく、コーランのソロモンに関する伝説は、ディヴを奴隷にしたとされるペルシャの英雄ジャムシード王の伝説と混同されているのだろう<ref>Eva Orthmann, Anna Kollatz The Ceremonial of Audience: Transcultural Approaches Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 11.11.2019 ISBN=978-3-847-00887-3, p. 155</ref>。後世のイスラム思想では、ソロモンが悪魔と神々を自分の意思に従わせたとされ、中東の魔術師たちもそうした悪魔を捕らえようとするようになった。ある物語では、ディヴは他人に不思議な能力を授けることができると言われている。あるとき、一人の男が''ディブ''と出会い、''ディブ''は動物と話す能力を授けよう、と言った。しかし、この能力を誰かに話すと、男は死ななければならないのだ。
== Terminology and relation to devils and jinn ==
Many attributes of the ''divs'' can be applied to other demons within Middle Eastern lore, like the jinn and the devils. Even the devils and the jinn, both deriving from Islamic scriptures, are often hard to distinguish and it seems in some texts, ''div'', jinn and devils are used synonymous. Some scholars argued, that the term ''jinn'' should rather be regarded as a general designation for any supernatural creature, including the ordinary jinn, the devils, ''divs'' and other Middle Eastern demons similar to the broader meaning of ''spirits'', in Western language. Others assume, that ''div'' is simply the Persian term for ''jinn''. However, this poses some major problems, because the jinn are morally ambivalent or even intentionally benevolent, while the ''divs'' are considered evil or perverted creatures.<ref>Tobias Nünlist Dämonenglaube im Islam Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2015 ISBN 978-3-110-33168-4 p. 519 (German)</ref>
Besides their unambiguously evil nature, the ''divs'' are more physical in appearance compared to the jinn (and the devils).<ref>Travis Zadeh Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014 p-142-149</ref><ref>A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HERO IN MEDIEVAL IRELAND, PERSIA, AND ENGLAND by Connell Raymond Monette A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of The Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto</ref> Therefore, they are sometimes referred to as fiends or ogres.<ref name=Sykes>{{Cite journal |first=Ella C. |last=Sykes |date=27 April 1901 |title=Persian Folklore |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.tz17z4&view=2up&seq=302 |journal=[[Folklore (journal)|Folklore]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=261–280 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1901.9719633 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> Among the ''people of the air'', the ''div'' are in turn explicitdly distinguished from the jinn and the ogres.<ref>Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148</ref> The term ''div'' is frequently juxtaposed to the terms ''[[Ifrit|afarit]]'', ''shaitan'' (devil) and ''taghut'' (idol), indicating a relationship between those beings and distinguishing them from the jinn.<ref>Huart, Cl. and Massé, H., “Dīw”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 12 October 2021 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1879>
First published online: 2012
First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007</ref>
In Turkish, the term is used for giants or titans in general. Sometimes ''div'' is used metaphorically to depict all sorts of harmful supernatural creatures. Unlike the jinn, sorcery and supernatural powers are actually attributed to them. And while hell serves merely as a punishment for the jinn, both devils and ''divs'' are often related to the underworld. However, the malicious acts of ''divs'' are not limited to temptations, unlike the devils, who merely whisper into the mind of humans (and jinn).
== 参考文献 ==
