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ルーミー著のマスナヴィーでは、悪魔は純粋な悪の象徴として扱われている。悪魔の存在は、なぜ悪が存在するのかという疑問に対する答えとなる。美しいフーリー（天女）と醜い悪魔の両方を描く画家の話をする。悪魔のイメージは、画家の才能を減じるものではなく、逆に最もグロテスクな方法で悪を描く才能が、彼の能力を証明するものだ。同様に、神が悪を創造するとき、それは神の全能に背くのではなく、証明するものである(Masnavī II, 2539-2544; Masnavī II, 2523-2528)<ref>Kușlu, Abdullah. "Die Korrelation zwischen dem Schöpfer und der Schöpfung in Masnavī von Rūmī." (2018)</ref> 。別の例では<ref>Didaktisches Erzählen: Formen literarischer Belehrung in Orient und Okzident. (2010). Österreich: Lang.p. 182</ref>
== 民話 ==
=== Armenian ===
In [[Armenian mythology]] and many various Armenian [[Folklore|folk]] tales, the ''dev'' (in [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: դև) appears both in a kind and specially in a malicious role,<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Bonnie C. (trans.) |editor-last=Tashjian |editor-first=Virginia A. |year=2007 |title=The Flower of Paradise and Other Armenian Tales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jT5ic_D-XAcC&pg=PA26 |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |page=27 |isbn=9781591583677 |oclc=231684930 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> and has a semi-divine origin. Dev is a very large being with an immense head on his shoulders, and with eyes as large as earthen bowls.<ref name=Ananikian>{{Cite book |last=Ananikian |first=Mardiros Harootioon |year=2010 |title=Armenian Mythology: Stories of Armenian Gods and Goddesses, Heroes and Heroines, Hells & Heavens, Folklore & Fairy Tales |location=Los Angeles |publisher=IndoEuropeanPublishing.com |isbn=9781604441727 |oclc=645483426}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2020}} Some of them may have only one eye. Usually, there are Black and White Devs. However, both of them can either be malicious or kind.
The White Dev is present in [[Hovhannes Tumanyan]]'s tale "Yedemakan Tzaghike" ([[Armenian language|Arm.]]: Եդեմական Ծաղիկը), translated as "The Flower of Paradise". In the tale, the Dev is the flower's guardian.
Jushkaparik, Vushkaparik, or Ass-Pairika is another chimerical being whose name indicates a half-demoniac and half-animal being, or a Pairika—a female Dev with amorous propensities—that appeared in the form of an ass and lived in ruins.<ref name=Ananikian/>{{page needed|date=February 2020}}
In one medieval Armenian lexicon, the ''dev'' are explained as rebellious angels.<ref>Asatrian, G. S., Arakelova, V. (2014). The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. p. 27</ref>
===Persian===
[[File:Islamic demon (div) capturing an angel or a peri.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|''Div'' capturing a [[peri]]]]
According to Persian folklore, the ''divs'' are inverted creatures, who do the opposite of what has been told to them. They are active at night, but get sleepy at day. Darkness is said to increase their power.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica"/> Usually, the approach of a ''div'' is presaged by a change in temperature or fowl smell in the air.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica"/> They are capable of transformation and performing magic. They are said to capture maiden, trying to force them to marry the ''div''.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica"/> Some have the form of a snake or a [[dragon]] with multiple heads, whose heads grow again, after slain, comparable to the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]].<ref>Reza Yousefvand ''Demonology & worship of Dives in Iranian local legend'' Assistant Professor, Payam Noor University, Department of history, Tehran. Iran Life Science Journal 2019</ref> In his treatise about the supernatural ''Ahl-i Hava'' (people of the air), [[Ghulam Husayn Sa’idi]] discusses several folkloric beliefs about different types of supernatural creatures and demons. He describes the Div as tall creatures living far away either on islands or in the desert. With their magical powers, they could turn people into statues by touching them.<ref>Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref><ref>Pedram Khosronejad ''THE PEOPLE OF THE AIR HEALING AND SPIRIT POSSESSION IN SOUTH OF IRAN '' In: Shamanism and Healing Rituals in Contemporary Islam and Sufism, T.Zarcone (ed.) 2011, I.B.Tauris</ref>
The ''divs'' are in constant battle with benevolent ''[[peri]]s'' (fairies).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diez |first=Ernst |year=1941 |title=Glaube und welt des Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/GlaubeUndWeltDesIslam_718 |location=Stuttgart |publisher=W. Spemann Verlag |language=de |page=[https://archive.org/details/GlaubeUndWeltDesIslam_718/page/n71 64] |oclc=1141736963 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Burton |editor-first=Sir Richard |year=2008 |orig-year=1887 |title=Arabian Nights, in 16 Volumes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVwdD-oClN0C |volume=XIII: ''Supplemental Nights to the Book of a Thousand Nights and a Night'' |location=New York |publisher=Cosimo Classics |page=256 |isbn=9781605206035 |access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> While the ''divs'' are usually perceived as male, the ''peris'' are often, but not necessarily, depicted as female.<ref>A History of Persian Literature
General Editor—Ehsan Yarshater
Oral Literature of Iranian Languages
Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic,
Persian and Tajik
Sponsored by
Persian Heritage Foundation (New York)
&
Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University
Volume XVIII
Edited by
Philip G. Kreyenbroek & Ulrich Marzolp p. 225</ref> According to a story, a man saved a white snake from a black one. The snake later revealed that she was a ''peri'', and the black snake a ''div'', who attacked her. The ''divs'' in turn, frequently try to capture the ''peris'' and imprison them in cages.
=== Turkish ===
In Kisekbasch Destani ("Story of the cut head"), a [[Turkish language|Turkish]] [[Sufism|Sufi legend]] from the 13. or 14. Century, [[Ali]] encounters a beheaded men, whose head is still reciting the [[Quran]]. His wife has been captured and his child been devoured by a ''div''. Ali descends to the underworld to kill the ''div''. Here, he finds out, the ''div'' further captured 500 [[Sunnism|Sunnites]] and the ''div'' threats Ali, to destroy the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] and destroy the legacy of Islam. After a battle, Ali manages to kill the ''div'', release the inmates, saves the devoured child and brings the severed head, with aid of [[Muhammad]] back to life.<ref>Gerhard Doerfer, Wolfram Hesche Türkische Folklore-Texte aus Chorasan Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998 ISBN 978-3-447-04111-9 S. 62</ref>
===Occult===
[[File:`Aliquli - King Solomon and Two Demons - Walters W62494B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|`Aliquli – King Solomon and Two Demons – Walters W62494B – Full Page]]
''Div'' appear within treatises on the [[Occultism (Islam)|occult]]. Their depictions often invoke the idea of Indian deities or are directly identified with them.<ref>Travis Zadeh ''Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014 p-142-149</ref> To enslave a ''div'', one must pierce their skin with a needle or bind them on iron rings. Another method relies on burning their hair in fire, to summon them.<ref name="Encyclopædia Iranica"/> As Solomon enslaved the devils, same is said to be true about the ''div''. Probably, the legends of the Quran about Solomon are conflated with the legends of the Persian hero [[Jamshid]], who is said to have enslaved the ''divs''.<ref>Eva Orthmann, Anna Kollatz The Ceremonial of Audience: Transcultural Approaches Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 11.11.2019 {{ISBN|978-3-847-00887-3}} p. 155</ref> In later Islamic thought, Solomon is said to have bound both devils and the ''divs'' to his will, inspiring [[Middle East]]ern magicians trying to capture such demons as well. In some stories, Divs are said to be able to bestow magical abilities upon others. Once, a man encountered a ''div'', and the ''div'' offered him to learn the ability to speak with animals. However, if the man tells someone about this gift, he will die.
== 参考文献 ==
