「ハプログループD (mtDNA)」の版間の差分

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**'''D4''' (3010, 8414, 14668)　:'''日本人で最も多いグループ'''であり<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />、[[北東アジア]]でよくみられ、[[日本人]]、[[朝鮮民族]]などでは最も高頻度で観察されるタイプであり、とりわけ日本人に於いてその頻度が高い。<ref name = "Maruyama2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Maruyama | first1 = Sayaka | last2 = Minaguchi | first2 = Kiyoshi | last3 = Saitou | first3 = Naruya | year = 2003 | title = Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Int J Legal Med | volume = 117 | issue = 4| pages = 218–225 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2 | pmid = 12845447 }}</ref><ref name = "Umetsu2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Umetsu | first1 = Kazuo | last2 = Tanaka | first2 = Masashi | last3 = Yuasa | first3 = Isao | year = 2005 | title = Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations | url = | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 91–98 | doi = 10.1002/elps.200406129 | pmid = 15624129 }}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058303 East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kong | first1 = Qing-Peng | last2 = Yao | first2 = Yong-Gang | last3 = Liu | first3 = Mu | year = 2003 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China | url = | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 113 | issue = 5| pages = 391–405 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7 | pmid=12938036}}</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Asari | first1 = M | year = 2007 | title = Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Leg Med | volume =  9| issue = 5| pages =  237–240| doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 | pmid = 17467322 }}</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = H-X | last2 = Yan | first2 = S | last3 = Qin | first3 = Z-D | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y | last5 = Tan | first5 = J-Z | year = 2011 | title = Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e25835 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025835 | pmid=21998705 | pmc=3188578}}</ref> [[ウィルタ]]、[[ブリヤート]]、[[カルムイク人]]、[[テレンギト人]]などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = Rogalla | first5 = U | year = 2012 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2| page = e32179 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 | pmid=22363811 | pmc=3283723}}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 81 | issue = 5| pages = 1025–1041 | doi = 10.1086/522933 | pmid=17924343 | pmc=2265662}}</ref>。[[中国]]・中国西部・[[中央アジア]]、[[アメリカ先住民]]で広く観察される<ref name = "Malhi2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Breece | first2 = Katherine E. | last3 = Schultz Shook | first3 = Beth A. | last4 = Kaestle | first4 = Frederika A. | year = 2004 | title = Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America | url = | journal = Human Biology | volume = 76 | issue = 1| pages = 33–54 | doi = 10.1353/hub.2004.0023 | pmid = 15222679 }}</ref><ref name = "Malhi2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = Holly M. | last3 = Eshleman | first3 = Jason A. | year = 2003 | title = Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest | url = | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 108–124 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.10138| pmid = 12541329 }}</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wen | first1 = Bo | last2 = Li | first2 = Hui | last3 = Gao | first3 = Song | year = 2005 | title = Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 725–734 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi055 | pmid = 15548747 }}</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = Catherine | last2 = Soares | first2 = Pedro | last3 = Mormina | first3 = Maru | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 23 | issue = 12| pages = 2480–2491 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl124 | pmid=16982817}}</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2007);80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaewsutthi | first1 = Supannee | last2 = Phasukkijwatana | first2 = Nopasak | last3 = Joyjinda | first3 = Yutthana | date = Jul 2011 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | url = | journal = Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = 52 | issue = 7| pages = 4742–8 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.10-5816 | pmid = 21398275 }}</ref><ref name = "Volodko2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Volodko | first1 = Natalia V. | last2 = Starikovskaya | first2 = Elena B. | last3 = Mazunin | first3 = Ilya O. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 5| pages = 1084–1100 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 | pmid = 18452887 | pmc = 2427195 }}</ref>。[[パレオ・インディアン]]やロシア[[沿海州]]（[[悪魔の門]]）及び[[中国東北部]]の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省[[大安市]]にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区[[通遼市]]にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。
+
**'''D4''' (3010, 8414, 14668)　:'''日本人で最も多いグループ'''であり<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />、北東アジアでよくみられ、'''日本人'''、'''朝鮮民族'''などでは最も高頻度で観察されるタイプであり、とりわけ日本人に於いてその頻度が高い。<ref name = "Maruyama2003"> Maruyama Sayaka ,  Minaguchi Kiyoshi, Saitou Naruya, 2003, Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population, Int J Legal Med, vol 117, issue 4, p218–225, doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2, pmid:12845447</ref><ref name = "Umetsu2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Umetsu | first1 = Kazuo | last2 = Tanaka | first2 = Masashi | last3 = Yuasa | first3 = Isao | year = 2005 | title = Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations | url = | journal = Electrophoresis | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 91–98 | doi = 10.1002/elps.200406129 | pmid = 15624129 }}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058303 East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis]</ref><ref name = "Kong2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kong | first1 = Qing-Peng | last2 = Yao | first2 = Yong-Gang | last3 = Liu | first3 = Mu | year = 2003 | title = Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China | url = | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 113 | issue = 5| pages = 391–405 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7 | pmid=12938036}}</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Asari | first1 = M | year = 2007 | title = Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population | url = | journal = Leg Med | volume =  9| issue = 5| pages =  237–240| doi = 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 | pmid = 17467322 }}</ref><ref name = "Zheng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = H-X | last2 = Yan | first2 = S | last3 = Qin | first3 = Z-D | last4 = Wang | first4 = Y | last5 = Tan | first5 = J-Z | year = 2011 | title = Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10| page = e25835 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025835 | pmid=21998705 | pmc=3188578}}</ref> [[ウィルタ]]、[[ブリヤート]]、[[カルムイク人]]、[[テレンギト人]]などでも最もよく見られるタイプである<ref name = "Derenko2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = M | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = B | last3 = Denisova | first3 = G | last4 = Perkova | first4 = M | last5 = Rogalla | first5 = U | year = 2012 | title = Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 2| page = e32179 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0032179 | pmid=22363811 | pmc=3283723}}</ref><ref name = "Derenko2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Derenko | first1 = Miroslava | last2 = Malyarchuk | first2 = Boris | last3 = Grzybowski | first3 = Tomasz | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 81 | issue = 5| pages = 1025–1041 | doi = 10.1086/522933 | pmid=17924343 | pmc=2265662}}</ref>。[[中国]]・中国西部・[[中央アジア]]、[[アメリカ先住民]]で広く観察される<ref name = "Malhi2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Breece | first2 = Katherine E. | last3 = Schultz Shook | first3 = Beth A. | last4 = Kaestle | first4 = Frederika A. | year = 2004 | title = Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America | url = | journal = Human Biology | volume = 76 | issue = 1| pages = 33–54 | doi = 10.1353/hub.2004.0023 | pmid = 15222679 }}</ref><ref name = "Malhi2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Malhi | first1 = Ripan S. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = Holly M. | last3 = Eshleman | first3 = Jason A. | year = 2003 | title = Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest | url = | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 120 | issue = 2| pages = 108–124 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.10138| pmid = 12541329 }}</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Wen | first1 = Bo | last2 = Li | first2 = Hui | last3 = Gao | first3 = Song | year = 2005 | title = Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 725–734 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi055 | pmid = 15548747 }}</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = Catherine | last2 = Soares | first2 = Pedro | last3 = Mormina | first3 = Maru | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 23 | issue = 12| pages = 2480–2491 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msl124 | pmid=16982817}}</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' (2007);80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaewsutthi | first1 = Supannee | last2 = Phasukkijwatana | first2 = Nopasak | last3 = Joyjinda | first3 = Yutthana | date = Jul 2011 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy | url = | journal = Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | volume = 52 | issue = 7| pages = 4742–8 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.10-5816 | pmid = 21398275 }}</ref><ref name = "Volodko2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Volodko | first1 = Natalia V. | last2 = Starikovskaya | first2 = Elena B. | last3 = Mazunin | first3 = Ilya O. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas | url = | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 5| pages = 1084–1100 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 | pmid = 18452887 | pmc = 2427195 }}</ref>。[[パレオ・インディアン]]やロシア[[沿海州]]（[[悪魔の門]]）及び[[中国東北部]]の新石器時代初期の遺跡（吉林省[[大安市]]にあるホウタオムガ遺跡、内モンゴル自治区[[通遼市]]にあるハミンマンハ遺跡等）でも最も頻繁に見られるハプログループである。
 
**'''D5・D6''' (16189)　: D5はD4よりも長い歴史を持ち<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、3万7千年から3万2千年前頃に誕生したとされており<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、D5'6 (16189) は主に東アジアと東南アジア、特に中国、韓国、日本で見られます。 D5a2a2 サブクレードが流行しているが、アメリカ大陸への移動には参加していないようであり、中央アジア、北アジア、南アジアでの頻度は一般的に低い (57/423 = 13.48%) [51] )ヤクートの中で、歴史的にモンゴル拡大の圧力の下でシベリアに移住したテュルク語を話すグループ。<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524407/</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=第10回 {{!}} いま注目の最先端研究・技術探検！ {{!}} 中高生と“いのちの不思議”を考える─生命科学DOKIDOKI研究室 |url=https://www.terumozaidan.or.jp/labo/technology/10/03.html |website=www.terumozaidan.or.jp |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>。主に韓国、日本、中国南部で見られ、特に[[漢民族]]で観察頻度が高い、他は東南アジアでも見られる。[http://英語版 英語版]<ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka M et al. 2004, [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/10a/1832.full#aff-1 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan] Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850</ref><ref name = "Peng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = He | first2 = Jun-Dong | last3 = Liu | first3 = Hai-Xin | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | year = 2011| title = Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2011 | issue = 11| page = 46 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46| pmid = 21324107 | pmc = 3048540 }}</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabbada | first1 = Kristina A. | last2 = Trejaut | first2 = Jean | last3 = Loo | first3 = Jun-Hun | year = 2010 | title = Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 21–31 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp215 | pmid=19755666}}</ref> 。中央アジア、[[インド]]東部でも低頻度で見られるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアの[[ヤクート人|ヤクート]]でよくみられる<ref name = "Fedorova2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Fedorova | first1 = Sardana A | last2 = Reidla | first2 = Maere | last3 = Metspalu | first3 = Ene | year = 2013| title = Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2013 | issue = 13| page = 127 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127| pmid = 23782551 | pmc = 3695835 }}</ref>。D5の有名人は[[AAA (音楽グループ)|AAA]]の[[西島隆弘]]、[[上田晋也]]、[[濱田龍臣]]、[[糸井重里]]<ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=mtDNA D5系統 - 有名人のハプログループ |url=https://famousdna.wiki.fc2.com/wiki/mtDNA%20D5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1 |website=famousdna.wiki.fc2.com |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>。
 
**'''D5・D6''' (16189)　: D5はD4よりも長い歴史を持ち<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、3万7千年から3万2千年前頃に誕生したとされており<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />、D5'6 (16189) は主に東アジアと東南アジア、特に中国、韓国、日本で見られます。 D5a2a2 サブクレードが流行しているが、アメリカ大陸への移動には参加していないようであり、中央アジア、北アジア、南アジアでの頻度は一般的に低い (57/423 = 13.48%) [51] )ヤクートの中で、歴史的にモンゴル拡大の圧力の下でシベリアに移住したテュルク語を話すグループ。<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524407/</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=第10回 {{!}} いま注目の最先端研究・技術探検！ {{!}} 中高生と“いのちの不思議”を考える─生命科学DOKIDOKI研究室 |url=https://www.terumozaidan.or.jp/labo/technology/10/03.html |website=www.terumozaidan.or.jp |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>。主に韓国、日本、中国南部で見られ、特に[[漢民族]]で観察頻度が高い、他は東南アジアでも見られる。[http://英語版 英語版]<ref name="Tanaka">Tanaka M et al. 2004, [http://genome.cshlp.org/content/14/10a/1832.full#aff-1 Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan] Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850</ref><ref name = "Peng2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = He | first2 = Jun-Dong | last3 = Liu | first3 = Hai-Xin | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | year = 2011| title = Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders - a perspective from mitochondrial DNA | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2011 | issue = 11| page = 46 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46| pmid = 21324107 | pmc = 3048540 }}</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabbada | first1 = Kristina A. | last2 = Trejaut | first2 = Jean | last3 = Loo | first3 = Jun-Hun | year = 2010 | title = Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? | url = | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 21–31 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp215 | pmid=19755666}}</ref> 。中央アジア、[[インド]]東部でも低頻度で見られるが、下位系統のD5a2a2がシベリアの[[ヤクート人|ヤクート]]でよくみられる<ref name = "Fedorova2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Fedorova | first1 = Sardana A | last2 = Reidla | first2 = Maere | last3 = Metspalu | first3 = Ene | year = 2013| title = Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 2013 | issue = 13| page = 127 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-127| pmid = 23782551 | pmc = 3695835 }}</ref>。D5の有名人は[[AAA (音楽グループ)|AAA]]の[[西島隆弘]]、[[上田晋也]]、[[濱田龍臣]]、[[糸井重里]]<ref>{{Cite web|和書|title=mtDNA D5系統 - 有名人のハプログループ |url=https://famousdna.wiki.fc2.com/wiki/mtDNA%20D5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1 |website=famousdna.wiki.fc2.com |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>。
  

2024年11月2日 (土) 15:11時点における版

ハプログループD (mtDNA)（ハプログループD (ミトコンドリアDNA)、Haplogroup D (mtDNA)）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループMを祖先に持ち「4883 5178A 16362」により定義されるものである[1][2][3]。

分布

ハプログループDは48000年前に東アジアで誕生し、東アジア・東南アジア・北アジア・中央アジアそしてアメリカ大陸に至るまで広範囲に観察される。形質人類学におけるモンゴロイドの分布域と概ね重なる。日本人の約41%-42%がこの系統に属する[4][5][6]、D4は日本人の30%以上が属す最も高頻度のグループとなっているが、D5は僅か5％程度となっている[7][8][9][10][11][12]。長寿の傾向がある遺伝子とされている[7][8][9][10][11][12]。 中国中部が起源とされるハプログループDは、35%以上の日本人が該当する最大のグループである。 日本以外では中国や朝鮮半島にも多く、東アジア集団を特徴づけるグループといえる。「稲作の民」の祖先は、中国中部で原始的な稲作を開始し、その技術とともに日本へやって来たことで 弥生時代の到来に貢献したと考えられている。

下位系統

大別すると「D4」と「D5・D6」という2つの系統がある。

脚注

  1. ↑ van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID:18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. ↑ ハプログループ D (mtDNA), https://www.asianprofile.wiki/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA) , www.asianprofile.wiki, (2022-03-09), en, hmong.wiki
  3. ↑ "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material" (PDF). 2009. pp. page89.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 テンプレート:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 テンプレート:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Maruyama Sayaka , Minaguchi Kiyoshi, Saitou Naruya, 2003, Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population, Int J Legal Med, vol 117, issue 4, p218–225, doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2, pmid:12845447
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 新版 日本人になった祖先たち―DNAが解明する多元的構造 (NHKブックス No.1255), 2019-03-25, NHK出版, 篠田謙一
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 DNAで語る 日本人起源論 (岩波現代全書), 2015-09-19, 岩波書店, 篠田謙一, 第7章
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 いつでもLOUPE:「現代日本人のもつDNA」, http://blog.livedoor.jp/nara_suimeishi/archives/51936203.html, blog.livedoor.jp, (2022-03-09)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 我々はどこから来たのか-最新研究からわかる弥生時代～古墳時代のヤポネシア人のDNAについて にっぽん ってどんな国？, https://jpnhist.com/archives/1268, にっぽん　ってどんな国？, (2022-03-09), ja
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 古代史とミトコンドリア（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａ）, https://enkieden.exblog.jp/20932564/, 古代史探訪,(2022-03-099, ja
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 篠田謙一さんが語る、ミトコンドリアDNAでたどる人類の起源（1/2）, , https://bigissue-online.jp/2013/11/08/shinoda-san-1/, BIG ISSUE ONLINE, (2022-03-09), ja
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 テンプレート:Cite journal
  14. ↑ East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis
  15. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  16. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  17. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  18. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  19. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  20. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  21. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina et al., "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2007);80:29–43.
  23. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  24. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  25. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524407/
  26. ↑ 第10回 | いま注目の最先端研究・技術探検！ | 中高生と“いのちの不思議”を考える─生命科学DOKIDOKI研究室.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
  27. ↑ Tanaka M et al. 2004, Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850
  28. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  29. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  30. ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
  31. ↑ mtDNA D5系統 - 有名人のハプログループ.{{{date}}} - via {{{via}}}.
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