「アプスー」の版間の差分
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バビロニアやアッシリアの寺院においては、壁に囲まれた寺院の内部に置かれた聖水の水槽もまた「アプスー」と呼ばれていた。宗教的な洗浄行為への使用を目的としたものとして、イスラム教のモスクにおける、礼拝前の清浄（ウドゥー）のために中庭に設けられた泉や、キリスト教の教会における洗礼盤などの先駆とみなされる可能性がある。 | バビロニアやアッシリアの寺院においては、壁に囲まれた寺院の内部に置かれた聖水の水槽もまた「アプスー」と呼ばれていた。宗教的な洗浄行為への使用を目的としたものとして、イスラム教のモスクにおける、礼拝前の清浄（ウドゥー）のために中庭に設けられた泉や、キリスト教の教会における洗礼盤などの先駆とみなされる可能性がある。 | ||
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| + | The '''Abzu''' or '''Apsu''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{lang|sux|{{cuneiform|𒀊𒍪}}}} {{transl|sux|abzu}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: {{lang|akk|{{cuneiform|7|[[File:Assyrian cuneiform U1200A MesZL 223.svg|25px]][[File:Assyrian cuneiform U1236A MesZL 15.svg|31px]]}}}} {{transl|akk|apsû}}), also called {{transl|sux|engur}} ([[Cuneiform]]:{{cuneiform|𒇉}}, {{transl|sux|LAGAB×HAL}}; [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{transl|sux|engur}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: {{transl|akk|engurru}}—{{Literal translation|}} {{transl|ak|ab}}='water' {{transl|akk|zu}}='deep', recorded in Greek as {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Ἀπασών}}}} {{transl|grc|Apasṓn}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/apsu-e129820?lang=fr|title= Brill - Apsȗ |date= October 2006 |publisher= Brill |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e129820|lang=fr}}</ref>), is the name for fresh water from underground [[aquifer]]s which was given a religious fertilising quality in [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian literature#Mythology|Akkadian]] mythology. Lakes, springs, rivers, wells, and other sources of fresh water were thought to draw their water from the abzu. In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, it is referred to as the '''primeval sea''' below the void space of the underworld ([[Kur]]) and the earth ([[Ma (Sumerian mythology)|Ma]]) above. | ||
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| + | == In Sumerian culture == | ||
| + | In the city of [[Eridu]], [[Enki]]'s temple was known as [[É (temple)#List of specific temples|E<sub>2</sub>-abzu]] (house of the deep waters) and was located at the edge of a swamp, an abzu.<ref>Green, Margaret Whitney (1975). ''Eridu in Sumerian Literature''. University of Chicago: Ph.D. dissertation. pp. 180–182.</ref> Certain tanks of [[holy water]] in [[Babylon]]ian and [[Assyria]]n temple courtyards were also called abzu (''apsû'').<ref>Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, 1992. ''Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "abzu, apsû". {{ISBN|0-292-70794-0}}.</ref> Typical in religious washing, these tanks were similar to [[Judaism]]'s [[mikve|mikvot]], [[Ghusl|the washing pools]] of [[Islam]]ic [[mosque]]s, or the [[baptismal font]] in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]]es. | ||
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| + | == In Sumerian cosmology == | ||
| + | The [[Sumer]]ian god [[Enki]] (Ea in the [[Akkadian language]]) was believed to have lived in the abzu since before human beings were created. His wife [[Damgalnuna]], his mother [[Nammu]], his advisor [[Isimud]] and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper [[Lahmu]], also lived in the abzu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Orlin |first=Eric |author-link= |date=2015-11-19 |title= Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&dq=abzu+damgalnuna&pg=PA8 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=8 |isbn=978-1134625529}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Horowitz |first=Wayne |author-link= |date=1998 |title=Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&dq=abzu+lahmu&pg=PA308 |location= |publisher= Eisenbrauns|page=308 |isbn=0931464994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Putthoff |first= Tyson|author-link= |date=2020 |title=Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cn-DwAAQBAJ&dq=abzu+isimud&pg=PA71 |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-1108490542}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Eppihimer|first=Melissa |author-link= |date= 2019|title= Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians | ||
| + | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtGaDwAAQBAJ&dq=gatekeeper+lahmu&pg=PA188 |location= |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=188 |isbn=978-0190903015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=N. Pope|first=Charles |author-link= |date=2016 |title=Living in Truth: Archaeology and the Patriarchs (Part I): Early Pharaohs | ||
| + | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aax2DAAAQBAJ&dq=isimud+advisor&pg=PA17 |location= |publisher=DomainOfMan.com |page=17 |isbn=}} | ||
| + | </ref> | ||
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| + | ==As a deity== | ||
| + | Abzu (''apsû'') is depicted as a [[deity]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord |url-access=registration |title=Encyclopedia of gods: over 2,500 deities of the world |last=Jordan |first=Michael |year=1993 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord/page/2 2]|isbn=9780816029099 }}</ref> only in the Babylonian [[Creation myth|creation]] [[Epic poetry|epic]], the [[Enūma Eliš|{{transl|akk|Enūma Eliš}}]], taken from the library of [[Assurbanipal]] (c. 630 BCE) but which is about 500 years older. In this story, he was a primal being made of fresh water and a lover to another primal deity, [[Tiamat]], a creature of salt water. The {{transl|akk|Enūma Eliš}} begins: "When above the heavens (''e-nu-ma e-liš'') did not yet exist nor the earth below, Apsu the freshwater ocean was there, the first, the begetter, and Tiamat, the saltwater sea, she who bore them all; they were still mixing their waters, and no pasture land had yet been formed, nor even a reed marsh." This resulted in the birth of the younger gods, who later murdered Apsu in order to usurp his lordship of the universe. Enraged, Tiamat gives birth to the first dragons, filling their bodies with "venom instead of blood", and made war upon her treacherous children, only to be slain by [[Marduk]], the god of Storms, who then forms the heavens and earth from her corpse. | ||
| + | ==In popular culture== | ||
| + | ''[[Abzû]]'' is a 2016 adventure game that was influenced by Sumerian mythology of Abzu.<ref name="VerseInterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/21362-abz-creative-director-matt-nava-interview |title=Exploring the Hidden Depths of 'Abzû' |author=Haske, Steve |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170309194945/https://www.inverse.com/article/21362-abz-creative-director-matt-nava-interview |archive-date=2017-03-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Abyzou}} | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Cosmic ocean}} | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Firmament}} | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Nu (mythology)|Nu}} | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Varuna}} | ||
| + | * {{annotated link|Wuji (philosophy)|''Wuji''}} | ||
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== 神としてのアプスー == | == 神としてのアプスー == | ||
2023年3月13日 (月) 19:38時点における版
（出典の明記、2015年9月26日 (土) 10:59 (UTC)）
アプスーまたはアプス（apsû、abzu）は、シュメール神話・アッカド神話において存在していたと伝えられる、地底の淡水の海のことである。湖、泉、川、井戸その他の淡水は、アプスーが源であると考えられていた。
シュメールの神であるエンキ（アッカド語ではエア）は、人間が創造される以前からアブズ（アッカド語ではアプスー）の中に住んでいたと信じられていた。他に、エンキの妻ダムガルヌンナ、母ナンム、助言者イシムード、また門番のラハムをはじめとする様々な下僕が、アブズ（アプスー）の中に住んでいた。
都市エリドゥにおいては、エンキを祀る寺院はエアブズ（E-abzu、アブズの寺院の意）と呼ばれており、沼地の端部に位置していた[1]。
バビロニアやアッシリアの寺院においては、壁に囲まれた寺院の内部に置かれた聖水の水槽もまた「アプスー」と呼ばれていた。宗教的な洗浄行為への使用を目的としたものとして、イスラム教のモスクにおける、礼拝前の清浄（ウドゥー）のために中庭に設けられた泉や、キリスト教の教会における洗礼盤などの先駆とみなされる可能性がある。
The Abzu or Apsu (Sumerian: テンプレート:Lang テンプレート:Transl; Akkadian: テンプレート:Lang テンプレート:Transl), also called テンプレート:Transl (Cuneiform:テンプレート:Cuneiform, テンプレート:Transl; Sumerian: テンプレート:Transl; Akkadian: テンプレート:Transl—テンプレート:Literal translation テンプレート:Transl='water' テンプレート:Transl='deep', recorded in Greek as テンプレート:Lang テンプレート:Transl[2]), is the name for fresh water from underground aquifers which was given a religious fertilising quality in Sumerian and Akkadian mythology. Lakes, springs, rivers, wells, and other sources of fresh water were thought to draw their water from the abzu. In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, it is referred to as the primeval sea below the void space of the underworld (Kur) and the earth (Ma) above.
目次
In Sumerian culture
In the city of Eridu, Enki's temple was known as E2-abzu (house of the deep waters) and was located at the edge of a swamp, an abzu.[3] Certain tanks of holy water in Babylonian and Assyrian temple courtyards were also called abzu (apsû).[4] Typical in religious washing, these tanks were similar to Judaism's mikvot, the washing pools of Islamic mosques, or the baptismal font in Christian churches.
In Sumerian cosmology
The Sumerian god Enki (Ea in the Akkadian language) was believed to have lived in the abzu since before human beings were created. His wife Damgalnuna, his mother Nammu, his advisor Isimud and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper Lahmu, also lived in the abzu.[5][6][7][8][9]
As a deity
Abzu (apsû) is depicted as a deity[10] only in the Babylonian creation epic, the [[Enūma Eliš|テンプレート:Transl]], taken from the library of Assurbanipal (c. 630 BCE) but which is about 500 years older. In this story, he was a primal being made of fresh water and a lover to another primal deity, Tiamat, a creature of salt water. The テンプレート:Transl begins: "When above the heavens (e-nu-ma e-liš) did not yet exist nor the earth below, Apsu the freshwater ocean was there, the first, the begetter, and Tiamat, the saltwater sea, she who bore them all; they were still mixing their waters, and no pasture land had yet been formed, nor even a reed marsh." This resulted in the birth of the younger gods, who later murdered Apsu in order to usurp his lordship of the universe. Enraged, Tiamat gives birth to the first dragons, filling their bodies with "venom instead of blood", and made war upon her treacherous children, only to be slain by Marduk, the god of Storms, who then forms the heavens and earth from her corpse.
In popular culture
Abzû is a 2016 adventure game that was influenced by Sumerian mythology of Abzu.[11]
See also
- テンプレート:Annotated link
- テンプレート:Annotated link
- テンプレート:Annotated link
- テンプレート:Annotated link
- テンプレート:Annotated link
- テンプレート:Annotated link
神としてのアプスー
アプスーは、アッシュールバニパルの図書館から写本が出土した、バビロニアの創世記神話である『エヌマ・エリシュ』においてのみ、神として描かれている。『エヌマ・エリシュ』において、アプスーは、最初に淡水から生じた神であり、塩水から生じた女神ティアマトの伴侶である。『エヌマ・エリシュ』の冒頭は、「上にある天は名づけられておらず、下にある地にもまた名がなかった時のこと…」で始まっており、淡水の海アプスーが存在し、「第一の者、すべてのものの父親」とされていたと続く。そして、すべてを生み出す母、塩水の海ティアマトとともに、互いに水をかき混ぜあっており、作物を生む地面はおろか、葦の生える沼地ですら存在しなかった、と伝える。
アプスーは、後のメソポタミアの神エンキ（エア）の原型であると考える見方もある。ジョセフ・キャンベル（Joseph Campbell）の社会政治学説がその中心である。キャンベルは次のように指摘する。「…そのような神話が物語ることは、（その土地・文明の）宗教が現実に置き換わっていった歴史である。」「宇宙の起源・神々の系図が主として意図することは、前から存在している神話・社会から提出される批判に対し、後から存在する支配者側の神話・社会秩序の立場から、効果的な反論を加えることである。」アッカド帝国および新バビロニアにおいて、神エンキは、神エアと同一視されていた。新しい支配者たちは、祭祀においては以前から存在していた神アプスーを外形的にいれながらも、存在感を薄めるという方法により「征服」を行ったのである。
関連項目
参照
- ↑ Eridu in Sumerian Literature, Margaret Whitney Green, pages 180-182, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1975.
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite journal
- ↑ Green, Margaret Whitney (1975). Eridu in Sumerian Literature. University of Chicago: Ph.D. dissertation. pp. 180–182.
- ↑ Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, 1992. Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary, s.v. "abzu, apsû". ISBN 0-292-70794-0.
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
- ↑ Exploring the Hidden Depths of 'Abzû'.2016-09-27 - via {{{via}}}.
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