「テフヌト」の版間の差分
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[[File:Tefnut.png|thumbnail|女神テフヌトと、兄にして夫の神シューを描いた[[メナト]]という楽器]] | [[File:Tefnut.png|thumbnail|女神テフヌトと、兄にして夫の神シューを描いた[[メナト]]という楽器]] | ||
'''テフヌト'''（Tefnut）は、エジプト神話における'''湿気'''の女神。ヘリオポリス九柱神に数えられる。テフヌト、テフヌウト、テフェネト、テフヌートなどとも表記され、ギリシア語ではトフェニスと呼ばれる。 | '''テフヌト'''（Tefnut）は、エジプト神話における'''湿気'''の女神。ヘリオポリス九柱神に数えられる。テフヌト、テフヌウト、テフェネト、テフヌートなどとも表記され、ギリシア語ではトフェニスと呼ばれる。 | ||
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| + | '''Tefnut''' ({{lang-egy| }} {{transl|egy|[[wikt:tfnwt|tfn.t]]}}; {{lang-cop|ⲧϥⲏⲛⲉ}} {{transl|cop|tfēne}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de/lemma/171880|title=Tfn.t (Lemma ID 171880)|website=Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Love|first=Edward O. D.|title=Script Switching in Roman Egypt|chapter=Innovative Scripts and Spellings at Narmoute/Narmouthis|publisher=de Gruyter|date=2021|page=312|doi=10.1515/9783110768435-014}}</ref> is a deity of [[moisture]], moist air, [[dew]] and [[rain]] in [[Ancient Egyptian religion]].<ref name="ReferenceA">The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart {{ISBN|0-415-34495-6}}</ref> She is the sister and consort of the air god [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]] and the mother of [[Geb]] and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]]. | ||
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| + | ==Etymology== | ||
| + | The name Tefnut has no certain etymology but it may be an [[onomatopoeia]] of the sound of spitting, as [[Atum]] spits her out in some versions of the creation myth. Additionally, her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183">{{cite book |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Richard H. |title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |date=2003 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=0-500-05120-8 |page=183 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheCompleteGodsAndGoddessesOfAncientEgypt/The%20Complete%20Gods%20and%20Goddesses%20of%20Ancient%20Egypt/page/n183/mode/2up |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> | ||
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| + | Like most Egyptian deities, including her brother, Tefnut has no single ideograph or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphs consists of four single [[phonogram (linguistics)|phonogram]] signs t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an [[ideogram]] or [[determinative]] for the word water (''mw''), or for anything associated with water.<ref>{{cite book|last=Betro|first=Maria Carmela|title=Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt|year=1996|publisher=Abbeville Press|isbn=0-7892-0232-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve/page/163 163]|language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/michelangelovati00deve|url-access=registration}}</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Mythological origins== | ||
| + | {{see also|Ancient Egyptian creation myths}} | ||
| + | {{Ancient Egyptian religion}} | ||
| + | [[File:Egyptian - Menat with the Heads of the Deities Shu and Tefnut - Walters 541515.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[menat]] depicting Tefnut and her husband-brother [[Shu (Egyptian deity)|Shu]].]] | ||
| + | Tefnut is a daughter of the [[solar deity]] [[Ra]]-[[Atum]]. Married to her twin brother [[Shu (Egyptian god)|Shu]], she is mother of [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], the sky and [[Geb]], the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were [[Osiris]], [[Isis]], [[Set (deity)|Set]], [[Nephthys]], and, in some versions, [[Haroeris|Horus the Elder]]. She was also the great-grandmother of [[Harpocrates|Horus the Younger]]. Alongside her father, brother, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchild, she is a member of the [[Ennead]] of [[Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]]. | ||
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| + | There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of the twins Tefnut and Shu. In every version, Tefnut is the product of [[parthenogenesis]], and all involve some variety of body fluid. | ||
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| + | In the Heliopolitan creation myth, Atum sneezed to produce Tefnut and Shu.<ref name="Hassan">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A |title=Ancient Goddesses |publisher=British Museum Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7141-1761-7 |editor=Goodison |editor-first=Lucy |editor-link=Lucy Goodison |location=London |pages=107 |chapter=5 |editor-last2=Morris |editor-first2=Christine |editor-link2=Christine E. Morris}}</ref> [[Pyramid Texts|Pyramid Text]] 527 says, "Atum was creative in that he proceeded to sneeze while in Heliopolis. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut."<ref name="Watterson">{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|pages=27|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref> | ||
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| + | In some versions of this myth, Atum also spits out his saliva, which forms the act of procreation. This version contains a play on words, the ''tef'' sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning "to spit" or "to expectorate".<ref name="Watterson" /> | ||
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| + | The [[Coffin Texts]] contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The [[Bremner-Rind Papyrus]] and the [[Shabaka Stone|Memphite Theology]] describe Atum as sneezing out saliva to form the twins.<ref name="Pinch">{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=Geraldine|author-link=Geraldine Pinch|title=Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-mTqRTrimgC&pg=PA63|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-242-4|page=63}}</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Iconography== | ||
| + | Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great [[Ennead]] of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a [[uraeus]] serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard H|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|isbn=0-500-05120-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183 183]|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/183}}</ref> | ||
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| + | During the 18th and 19th Dynasties, particularly during the Amarna Period, Tefnut was depicted in human form wearing a low flat headdress, topped with sprouting plants. [[Akhenaten]]'s mother, [[Tiye]] was depicted wearing a similar headdress, and identifying with Hathor-Tefnut. The iconic blue crown of [[Nefertiti]] is thought by archaeologist [[Joyce Tyldesley]] to be derived from Tiye's headdress, and may indicate that she was also identifying with Tefnut.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tyldesley|first1=Joyce|title=Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen|date=2005|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0140258202|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fv7nHi_3XCgC&q=tefnut+plant+crown&pg=PT107|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Cult centres== | ||
| + | Heliopolis and [[Leontopolis]] (now ell el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead,<ref name=Wilkinson /> and is referred to in relation to the purification of the ''wabet ''(priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ||
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| + | {{quote|I have ascended to you<br /> | ||
| + | with the Great One behind me<br /> | ||
| + | and [my] purity before me:<br /> | ||
| + | I have passed by Tefnut,<br /> | ||
| + | even while Tefnut was purifying me,<br /> | ||
| + | and indeed I am a priest, the son of a priest in this temple."|Papyrus Berlin 3055<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hays|first=H.M|title=Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual|year=2009|pages=15–30|hdl=1887/15716|editor1-last=Nyord R, Kyolby A|publisher=[[Archaeopress]]|location=Leiden University Repository|quote=Rite 25 from Moret, Le Rituel de Cult, Paris 1902}}</ref>}} | ||
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| + | At [[Karnak]], Tefnut formed part of the [[Ennead]] and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the pharaoh.<ref name="Meeks">{{cite book|last=Meeks|first=Dimitri|author2=Christine Favard-Meeks |title=Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods|publisher=Pimlico|year=1999|pages=128|isbn=0-7126-6515-3|language=en}}</ref> | ||
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| + | She was worshiped with Shu as a pair of lions in Leontopolis in the [[Nile Delta]].<ref>The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart {{ISBN|0-415-34495-6}},</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Mythology== | ||
| + | Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the [[Eye of Ra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Watterson|first=Barbara|title=Gods of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sutton Publishing|year=2003|isbn=0-7509-3262-7}}</ref> As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to have escaped to [[Nubia]] in a rage, jealous of her grandchildren's higher worship. Only after receiving the title "''honorable''" from [[Thoth]], did she return.<ref name="Ancient Egypt page. 183"/> In the earlier [[Pyramid Texts]] she is said to produce pure waters from her [[vagina]].<ref>The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, trans R.O. Faulkner, line 2065 Utt. 685.</ref> | ||
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| + | As Shu had forcibly separated his son Geb from his sister-wife Nut, Geb challenged his father Shu, causing the latter to withdraw from the world. Geb, who was in love with his mother Tefnut, takes her as his chief queen-consort.<ref name="Handbook of Egyptian Mythology">{{cite book |last= Pinch|first= Geraldine|date= 2002|title= Handbook of Egyptian Mythology|url= https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532|url-access= limited|publisher= ABC-CLIO|page= [https://archive.org/details/handbookegyptian00pinc_532/page/n85 76]|isbn= 1576072428}}</ref> | ||
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| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | * {{Commons category-inline}} | ||
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== 概要 == | == 概要 == | ||
2023年2月21日 (火) 11:24時点における版
テフヌト（Tefnut）は、エジプト神話における湿気の女神。ヘリオポリス九柱神に数えられる。テフヌト、テフヌウト、テフェネト、テフヌートなどとも表記され、ギリシア語ではトフェニスと呼ばれる。
Tefnut (テンプレート:Lang-egy テンプレート:Transl; テンプレート:Lang-cop テンプレート:Transl)[1][2] is a deity of moisture, moist air, dew and rain in Ancient Egyptian religion.[3] She is the sister and consort of the air god Shu and the mother of Geb and Nut.
目次
Etymology
The name Tefnut has no certain etymology but it may be an onomatopoeia of the sound of spitting, as Atum spits her out in some versions of the creation myth. Additionally, her name was written as a mouth spitting in late texts.[4]
Like most Egyptian deities, including her brother, Tefnut has no single ideograph or symbol. Her name in hieroglyphs consists of four single phonogram signs t-f-n-t. Although the n phonogram is a representation of waves on the surface of water, it was never used as an ideogram or determinative for the word water (mw), or for anything associated with water.[5]
Mythological origins
テンプレート:See also テンプレート:Ancient Egyptian religion
Tefnut is a daughter of the solar deity Ra-Atum. Married to her twin brother Shu, she is mother of Nut, the sky and Geb, the earth. Tefnut's grandchildren were Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and, in some versions, Horus the Elder. She was also the great-grandmother of Horus the Younger. Alongside her father, brother, children, grandchildren, and great-grandchild, she is a member of the Ennead of Heliopolis.
There are a number of variants to the myth of the creation of the twins Tefnut and Shu. In every version, Tefnut is the product of parthenogenesis, and all involve some variety of body fluid.
In the Heliopolitan creation myth, Atum sneezed to produce Tefnut and Shu.[6] Pyramid Text 527 says, "Atum was creative in that he proceeded to sneeze while in Heliopolis. And brother and sister were born - that is Shu and Tefnut."[7]
In some versions of this myth, Atum also spits out his saliva, which forms the act of procreation. This version contains a play on words, the tef sound which forms the first syllable of the name Tefnut also constitutes a word meaning "to spit" or "to expectorate".[7]
The Coffin Texts contain references to Shu being sneezed out by Atum from his nose, and Tefnut being spat out like saliva. The Bremner-Rind Papyrus and the Memphite Theology describe Atum as sneezing out saliva to form the twins.[8]
Iconography
Tefnut is a leonine deity, and appears as human with a lioness head when depicted as part of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis. The other frequent depiction is as a lioness, but Tefnut can also be depicted as fully human. In her fully or semi anthropomorphic form, she is depicted wearing a wig, topped either with a uraeus serpent, or a uraeus and solar disk, and she is sometimes depicted as a lion headed serpent. Her face is sometimes used in a double headed form with that of her brother Shu on collar counterpoises.[9]
During the 18th and 19th Dynasties, particularly during the Amarna Period, Tefnut was depicted in human form wearing a low flat headdress, topped with sprouting plants. Akhenaten's mother, Tiye was depicted wearing a similar headdress, and identifying with Hathor-Tefnut. The iconic blue crown of Nefertiti is thought by archaeologist Joyce Tyldesley to be derived from Tiye's headdress, and may indicate that she was also identifying with Tefnut.[10]
Cult centres
Heliopolis and Leontopolis (now ell el-Muqdam) were the primary cult centres. At Heliopolis, Tefnut was one of the members of that city's great Ennead,[9] and is referred to in relation to the purification of the wabet (priest) as part of the temple rite. Here she had a sanctuary called the Lower Menset.[3]
I have ascended to you
with the Great One behind me
and [my] purity before me:
I have passed by Tefnut,
even while Tefnut was purifying me,
and indeed I am a priest, the son of a priest in this temple."
___{{{author}}}
At Karnak, Tefnut formed part of the Ennead and was invoked in prayers for the health and wellbeing of the pharaoh.[11]
She was worshiped with Shu as a pair of lions in Leontopolis in the Nile Delta.[12]
Mythology
Tefnut was connected with other leonine goddesses as the Eye of Ra.[13] As a lioness she could display a wrathful aspect and is said to have escaped to Nubia in a rage, jealous of her grandchildren's higher worship. Only after receiving the title "honorable" from Thoth, did she return.[4] In the earlier Pyramid Texts she is said to produce pure waters from her vagina.[14]
As Shu had forcibly separated his son Geb from his sister-wife Nut, Geb challenged his father Shu, causing the latter to withdraw from the world. Geb, who was in love with his mother Tefnut, takes her as his chief queen-consort.[15]
External links
概要
創造神アトゥムを親に持ち、アトゥムの自慰によって生まれた（ラーと習合されたため、ラーともされる）。配偶神は兄でもある大気の神シュー。彼との間に大地の神ゲブと天空の女神ヌトを成した。雌ライオンもしくは、ライオンの頭を持った女神として描かれる。シューの妻としての伝承ばかりでテフヌト単独での伝承は、ほとんど見られない。テフヌトは天空を押し上げる夫を助け、一心同体の存在として世界の安定のために働く。
他の神々との習合
テフヌトは、シューの妻となる前に家出をしたという神話があり、宮殿で退屈していたテフヌトは父親（ここでは太陽神ラーとされる）に何も告げず、南のヌビア砂漠へ家出してしまう。獰猛な雌ライオンとなって気ままに駆け回っていたテフヌトに父親は、息子シューと知恵の神トートに依頼し、ようやく連れ戻すことに成功した、という内容である。
太陽神ラーの娘であること、雌ライオンの姿を持つことから、エジプトの女神バステトとセクメト、セクメトと同一視された女神ハトホルと同一視されることがある。
関連項目
- シュー：夫にあたる神。
- ゲブ、ヌト：子にあたる神。
- アトゥム：親にあたる神。
