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ページの作成:「thumb|Possible depiction of a Sun goddess with a child; 15–13th C. BC The '''Sun goddess of Ari…」
[[File:HittiteGoddessAndChildAnatolia15th-13thCenturyBCE.jpg|thumb|Possible depiction of a Sun goddess with a child; 15–13th C. BC]]
The '''Sun goddess of Arinna''', also sometimes identified as Arinniti or as Wuru(n)šemu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arinna&oldid=875630304|title=Arinna|date=December 27, 2018|via=Wikipedia}}</ref> is the chief goddess and wife of the weather god [[Tarḫunna]] in [[Hittite mythology]]. She protected the Hittite kingdom and was called the "Queen of all lands." Her cult centre was the sacred city of [[Arinna]].
In addition to the Sun goddess of Arinna, the Hittites also worshipped the [[Sun goddess of the Earth]] and the [[Sun god of Heaven]], while the [[Luwians]] originally worshipped the old Proto-Indo-European Sun god [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwaz]]. It appears that in the northern cultural sphere of the early Hittites, there was no male solar deity.<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Zur luwischen Komponente in den Religionen Altanatoliens''; AOF 34 (2007), 63–69</ref>
Distinguishing the various solar deities in the texts is difficult since most are simply written with the [[Sumerogram]] <sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>UTU (Solar deity). As a result, the interpretation of the solar deities remains a subject of debate.
== Family and myths ==
The Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna formed a pair and together they occupied the highest position in the Hittite state's pantheon. The pair's daughter is [[Mezulla]], by whom they had the granddaughter Zintuḫi. Their other children were the [[Weather god of Nerik]], the [[Weather god of Zippalanda]], and the corn god [[Telipinu (god)|Telipinu]]. The eagle served as her messenger.
In myths, she plays a minor role. A [[Hattians|Hattian]] mythic fragment records the construction of her house in {{ill|Liḫzina|de}}. Another myth fragment refers to her apple tree:
{{quote|An apple tree stands at a well and is covered all over with a blood-red colour. The Sun goddess of Arinna saw (it) and she decorated (it) with her shining wand.|author=''KUB'' 28.6 Vs. I 10’-13’ = II 10’-13’}}
== Origin and development ==
The Sun goddess of Arinna was originally of Hattian origin and was worshipped by the [[Hattians]] at Eštan. One of her Hattian epithets was Wurunšemu ("Mother of the land"?).<ref>Jörg Klinger: ''Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht''. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1996, {{ISBN|3-447-03667-2}}</ref>
From the [[Hittite Old Kingdom]], she was the chief goddess of the Hittite state. The "Gods' city" of Arinna was the site of the coronation of the first Hittite kings and one of the empire's three holy cities. The [[Hattian language|Hattian]] name of the goddess was transcribed by the Hittites as Ištanu and Urunzimu. They also invoked her as Arinitti ("The Arinnian"). The epithet "of Arinna" only appears during the [[Hittite Middle Kingdom]], to distinguish the Sun goddess from the male Sun god of Heaven, who had been adopted by the Hittites from interaction with the [[Hurrians]].<ref>Piotr Taracha: ''Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia''. Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05885-8}}. S. 89</ref>
During the [[Hittite New Kingdom]], she was identified with the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]]-Syrian goddess [[Ḫepat]] and the Hittite Queen [[Puduḫepa]] mentions her in her prayers using both names:
{{Quote|Sun goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all lands! In the Land of Ḫatti, you ordained your name to be the "Sun goddess of Arinna", but also in the land which you have made the land of the cedar, you ordained your name to be Ḫepat.|author=[[Hittite texts|CTH]] 384<ref>Dietrich Sürenhagen: ''Zwei Gebete Ḫattušilis und der Puduḫepa. Textliche und literaturhistorische Untersuchungen''; [[Altorientalische Forschungen|Aof]] '''8''' (1981), pp. 83–168.</ref>}}
== Royal ideology==
From the Hittite Old Kingdom, the Sun goddess of Arinna legitimised the authority of the king, in conjunction with the weather god Tarḫunna. The land belonged to the two deities and the established the king, who would refer to the Sun goddess as "Mother".<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. p. 28</ref> King [[Ḫattušili I]] would hold the Sun goddess in his lap.<ref>[[Volkert Haas]]: ''Geschichte der hethitischen Religion''; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. 1, Bd. 15; Brill 1994. {{ISBN|90-04-09799-6}}. S. 585</ref> Several queens dedicated cultic solar discs to the Sun goddess in the city of Taḫurpa. During the Hittite New Kingdom, the Sun goddess was said to watch over the king and his kingdom, with the king as her priest and the queen as her priestess. The Hittite king worshiped the Sun goddess with daily prayers at sun set. The Hittite texts preserve many prayers to the Sun goddess of Arinna: the oldest is from [[Arnuwanda I]], while the best known is the prayer of Queen Puduḫepa, cited above.
== Cult ==
The most important temple of the Sun goddess was in the city of Arinna; there was another on the citadel of [[Ḫattuša]]. The goddess was depicted as a solar disc. In the city of Tarḫurpa, several such discs were venerated, which had been donated by the Hittite queens. King [[Kurunta|Ulmi-Teššup]] of [[Tarḫuntašša]] donated a Sun disc of gold, silver and copper to the goddess each year, along with a bull and three sheep. She was also often depicted as a woman and statuettes of a sitting goddess with a halo may also be depictions of her.<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. pp. 30</ref>
The deer was sacred to the Sun goddess and Queen Puduḫepa promised to give her many deer in her prayers. Cultic vessels in the shape of a deer presumably were used for worship of the Sun goddess. It is also believed that the golden deer statuettes from the Early Bronze Age, which were found in the middle of the [[Kızılırmak River]] and belong to the Hattian cultural period, ere associated with the cult of the Sun goddess.
== Ištanu ==
The name Ištanu is the Hittite form of the Hattian name Eštan and refers to the Sun goddess of Arinna.{{dubious|date=June 2018}}<!--it's just the Hittite word for "sun" and at best *also* refers to this specific goddess--><ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. p. 27</ref> Earlier scholarship understood Ištanu as the name of the male Sun god of the Heavens,<ref>[[Einar von Schuler]]: "Kleinasien: Die Mythologie der Hethiter und Hurriter," in: ''Wörterbuch der Mythologie''. Stuttgart 1965. pp. 198 f.</ref> but more recent scholarship has held that the name is only used to refer to the Sun goddess of Arinna.<ref>Jörg Klinger: ''Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht''; Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten 37, Wiesbaden 1996, {{ISBN|3-447-03667-2}}</ref> [[Volkert Haas]], however, still distinguishes between a male Ištanu representing the day-star and a female Wurunšemu who is the Sun goddess of Arinna and spends her nights in the underworld.<ref>{{cite book|author=Volkert Haas |title= Religionen des Alten Orients: Hethiter |location= Göttingen |date= 2011 |ISBN= 978-3-525-51695-9 |page=226}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of solar deities]]
== References==
{{reflist|25em}}
== Bibliography==
* [[Maciej Popko]]: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Vol. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}.
* [[Volkert Haas]]: ''Geschichte der hethitischen Religion''; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Part 1, Vol. 15; Brill 1994. {{ISBN|90-04-09799-6}}.
[[Category:Hattian deities]]
[[Category:Solar goddesses]]
The '''Sun goddess of Arinna''', also sometimes identified as Arinniti or as Wuru(n)šemu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arinna&oldid=875630304|title=Arinna|date=December 27, 2018|via=Wikipedia}}</ref> is the chief goddess and wife of the weather god [[Tarḫunna]] in [[Hittite mythology]]. She protected the Hittite kingdom and was called the "Queen of all lands." Her cult centre was the sacred city of [[Arinna]].
In addition to the Sun goddess of Arinna, the Hittites also worshipped the [[Sun goddess of the Earth]] and the [[Sun god of Heaven]], while the [[Luwians]] originally worshipped the old Proto-Indo-European Sun god [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwaz]]. It appears that in the northern cultural sphere of the early Hittites, there was no male solar deity.<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Zur luwischen Komponente in den Religionen Altanatoliens''; AOF 34 (2007), 63–69</ref>
Distinguishing the various solar deities in the texts is difficult since most are simply written with the [[Sumerogram]] <sup>[[Dingir|d]]</sup>UTU (Solar deity). As a result, the interpretation of the solar deities remains a subject of debate.
== Family and myths ==
The Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna formed a pair and together they occupied the highest position in the Hittite state's pantheon. The pair's daughter is [[Mezulla]], by whom they had the granddaughter Zintuḫi. Their other children were the [[Weather god of Nerik]], the [[Weather god of Zippalanda]], and the corn god [[Telipinu (god)|Telipinu]]. The eagle served as her messenger.
In myths, she plays a minor role. A [[Hattians|Hattian]] mythic fragment records the construction of her house in {{ill|Liḫzina|de}}. Another myth fragment refers to her apple tree:
{{quote|An apple tree stands at a well and is covered all over with a blood-red colour. The Sun goddess of Arinna saw (it) and she decorated (it) with her shining wand.|author=''KUB'' 28.6 Vs. I 10’-13’ = II 10’-13’}}
== Origin and development ==
The Sun goddess of Arinna was originally of Hattian origin and was worshipped by the [[Hattians]] at Eštan. One of her Hattian epithets was Wurunšemu ("Mother of the land"?).<ref>Jörg Klinger: ''Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht''. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1996, {{ISBN|3-447-03667-2}}</ref>
From the [[Hittite Old Kingdom]], she was the chief goddess of the Hittite state. The "Gods' city" of Arinna was the site of the coronation of the first Hittite kings and one of the empire's three holy cities. The [[Hattian language|Hattian]] name of the goddess was transcribed by the Hittites as Ištanu and Urunzimu. They also invoked her as Arinitti ("The Arinnian"). The epithet "of Arinna" only appears during the [[Hittite Middle Kingdom]], to distinguish the Sun goddess from the male Sun god of Heaven, who had been adopted by the Hittites from interaction with the [[Hurrians]].<ref>Piotr Taracha: ''Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia''. Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05885-8}}. S. 89</ref>
During the [[Hittite New Kingdom]], she was identified with the [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]]-Syrian goddess [[Ḫepat]] and the Hittite Queen [[Puduḫepa]] mentions her in her prayers using both names:
{{Quote|Sun goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all lands! In the Land of Ḫatti, you ordained your name to be the "Sun goddess of Arinna", but also in the land which you have made the land of the cedar, you ordained your name to be Ḫepat.|author=[[Hittite texts|CTH]] 384<ref>Dietrich Sürenhagen: ''Zwei Gebete Ḫattušilis und der Puduḫepa. Textliche und literaturhistorische Untersuchungen''; [[Altorientalische Forschungen|Aof]] '''8''' (1981), pp. 83–168.</ref>}}
== Royal ideology==
From the Hittite Old Kingdom, the Sun goddess of Arinna legitimised the authority of the king, in conjunction with the weather god Tarḫunna. The land belonged to the two deities and the established the king, who would refer to the Sun goddess as "Mother".<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. p. 28</ref> King [[Ḫattušili I]] would hold the Sun goddess in his lap.<ref>[[Volkert Haas]]: ''Geschichte der hethitischen Religion''; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. 1, Bd. 15; Brill 1994. {{ISBN|90-04-09799-6}}. S. 585</ref> Several queens dedicated cultic solar discs to the Sun goddess in the city of Taḫurpa. During the Hittite New Kingdom, the Sun goddess was said to watch over the king and his kingdom, with the king as her priest and the queen as her priestess. The Hittite king worshiped the Sun goddess with daily prayers at sun set. The Hittite texts preserve many prayers to the Sun goddess of Arinna: the oldest is from [[Arnuwanda I]], while the best known is the prayer of Queen Puduḫepa, cited above.
== Cult ==
The most important temple of the Sun goddess was in the city of Arinna; there was another on the citadel of [[Ḫattuša]]. The goddess was depicted as a solar disc. In the city of Tarḫurpa, several such discs were venerated, which had been donated by the Hittite queens. King [[Kurunta|Ulmi-Teššup]] of [[Tarḫuntašša]] donated a Sun disc of gold, silver and copper to the goddess each year, along with a bull and three sheep. She was also often depicted as a woman and statuettes of a sitting goddess with a halo may also be depictions of her.<ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. pp. 30</ref>
The deer was sacred to the Sun goddess and Queen Puduḫepa promised to give her many deer in her prayers. Cultic vessels in the shape of a deer presumably were used for worship of the Sun goddess. It is also believed that the golden deer statuettes from the Early Bronze Age, which were found in the middle of the [[Kızılırmak River]] and belong to the Hattian cultural period, ere associated with the cult of the Sun goddess.
== Ištanu ==
The name Ištanu is the Hittite form of the Hattian name Eštan and refers to the Sun goddess of Arinna.{{dubious|date=June 2018}}<!--it's just the Hittite word for "sun" and at best *also* refers to this specific goddess--><ref>Maciej Popko: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Bd. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}. p. 27</ref> Earlier scholarship understood Ištanu as the name of the male Sun god of the Heavens,<ref>[[Einar von Schuler]]: "Kleinasien: Die Mythologie der Hethiter und Hurriter," in: ''Wörterbuch der Mythologie''. Stuttgart 1965. pp. 198 f.</ref> but more recent scholarship has held that the name is only used to refer to the Sun goddess of Arinna.<ref>Jörg Klinger: ''Untersuchungen zu Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht''; Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten 37, Wiesbaden 1996, {{ISBN|3-447-03667-2}}</ref> [[Volkert Haas]], however, still distinguishes between a male Ištanu representing the day-star and a female Wurunšemu who is the Sun goddess of Arinna and spends her nights in the underworld.<ref>{{cite book|author=Volkert Haas |title= Religionen des Alten Orients: Hethiter |location= Göttingen |date= 2011 |ISBN= 978-3-525-51695-9 |page=226}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of solar deities]]
== References==
{{reflist|25em}}
== Bibliography==
* [[Maciej Popko]]: ''Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter''; Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten Vol. 50, Wiesbaden 2009. {{ISBN|978-3-447-05867-4}}.
* [[Volkert Haas]]: ''Geschichte der hethitischen Religion''; Handbuch der Orientalistik, Part 1, Vol. 15; Brill 1994. {{ISBN|90-04-09799-6}}.
[[Category:Hattian deities]]
[[Category:Solar goddesses]]
