差分

モリガンは主に戦争と運命に関連しており、しばしば「戦争の女神」として解釈される。W.M.ヘネシーが1870年に書いた『古代アイルランドの軍女神（The Ancient Irish Goddess of War）』は、この解釈を定着させるのに大きな影響を及ぼした<ref>W. M. Hennessy, [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/aigw/index.htm "The Ancient Irish Goddess of War"], ''Revue Celtique'' 1, 1870–72, pp. 32–37</ref>。彼女は、ホストたちが集まってくることに喜びを感じるという<ref>https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T106500D/text049.html, Part 49 of The Metrical Dindshenchas|website=celt.ucc.ie}}</ref>。彼女の役割には、特定の戦士の激しい死を予感させるものが多く、後の民話に登場するバンシーとの関連性を示唆している。この関連性をパトリシア・リサグトはさらに指摘している。「アイルランドのある地域では、この超自然的な存在は、バンシーという名前に加えて、バズヴ（badhb）とも呼ばれている。」。彼女の役割には、特定の戦士の激しい死を予感させるものが多く、後の民話に登場するバンシーとの関連性を示唆している。この関連性をパトリシア・リサグトはさらに指摘している。「アイルランドのある地域では、この超自然的な存在は、バンシーという名前に加えて、バズヴ（badhb）とも呼ばれている<ref>Patricia, Lysaght, The Banshee: The Irish Death Messenger, 1986, isbn:1-57098-138-8, page15</ref>。」彼女の役割は、死が迫っていることの象徴であるだけでなく、戦争の結果を左右することだった。その多くは、頭上を飛ぶカラスに姿を変えて現れ、戦士たちの心に恐怖や勇気を与えるものだった。また、戦死する運命にある者に、血まみれの鎧を洗うように幻影として現れたと書かれている場合もある。この具体的な役割として、彼女は特に個人に重点を置いて、差し迫った死を予言する役割も与えられていた<ref>Celtic Myths and Legends, Rolleston, T. W., Barnes and Noble, 1911, isbn:978-0-7607-8335-1, New York</ref>。また、稀に戦士として戦いに参加し、より直接的な形で寵愛を受けたという話もある<ref>Arthur, Cotterell, The Encyclopedia of Mythology, 2010, pages=102, 152</ref>。

The Morrígan is also associated with the land and animals, particularly livestock. [[Máire Herbert]] argues that "war ''per se'' is not a primary aspect of the role of the goddess." Herbert suggests that "her activities have a [[Tutelary deity|tutelary]] character. She oversees the land, its stock and its society. Her shape-shifting is an expression of her affinity with the whole living universe."<ref>{{cite book |first=Máire |last=Herbert |chapter=Transmutations of an Irish Goddess |editor1-first=Miranda |editor1-lastアーサー王伝説 =Green |editor2-first=Sandra |editor2-last=Billington |title=The Concept of the Goddess |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1996 |page=145}}現代の研究者や小説家の中には、モリガンとモルガンのキャラクターを結びつけようとする者もいる。モルガンは伝説の中でしばしばアーサー王の妖精や超自然的な妹として描かれている。モルガンが初めて文献に登場するのは、12世紀のジェフリー・オブ・モンマスの『ヴィータ・メルリーニ』で、アーサーと血縁関係のない女神的存在であり、アーサーが戦いで致命傷を負った後、彼女の異世界風の土地アヴァロンに連れて行かれるところである。「ガウェイン卿と緑の騎士」のようなアーサー王物語では、モルガンは老婆として描かれ、その行動が主人公を数々の危険な目に遭わせる血なまぐさい出来事を引き起こした。また、モルガンは、古代のモルリガン伝説のように誘惑する女として描かれ、そのために拉致した恋人も数多くいる（ランスロットやデーンのオジェなどの物語にあるように）。このキャラクターは、自分の目的を達成するために他人を支配する力を持ち、その行動が他のキャラクターの利益や不利益になるように、時間をかけて展開されることが頻繁に描かれている</ref> Patricia Lysaght notes that Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the ''[[Cath Maige Tuired]]'' depicts the Morrígan as "a protectress of her people's interests" and associates her with both war and fertility.<ref name="lysaght"/> According to [[Proinsias Mac Cana]]Green Knight, the goddess in Ireland is "primarily concerned with the prosperity of the landhttp: its fertility, its animal life, and (when it is conceived as a political unit) its security against external forces//www."<ref name="MacCana"/> Likewise, [[Maria Tymoczko]] writes, "The welfare and fertility of a people depend on their security against external aggression," and notes that "warlike action can thus have a protective aspectshmoop."<ref name="tymoczko"com/> It is therefore suggested that the Morrígan is a manifestation of the [[Sovereignty goddess|earthsir-gawain- and sovereigntygreen-goddess]],{{sfn|Ó hÓgáin|1991|pp=307–309}}<ref name="Koch, John T. 2006"knight/> chiefly representing the goddess' role as guardian of the territory and its peoplemorgan-le-fay.html<ref name="lysaght"/><ref name="tymoczko"/> She can be interpreted as providing political or military aid, or protection to the king—acting as a goddess of sovereignty, not necessarily of war.。

It has also been suggested that she was closely linked to the ''[[fianna]]'', and that these groups may have been in some way dedicated to her.{{sfn|Epstein|1998|p=148}} These were "bands of youthful warrior-hunters, living on the borders of civilized society and indulging in lawless activities for a time before inheriting property and taking their places as members of settled, landed communities."しかし、モルガンという文学的なキャラクターは、もっと古い女神の物語からいくらかのインスピレーションを受けたかもしれないが、その関係はそこで終わっているようだ。ロザリンド・クラークなどの学者は、ウェールズの「モルガン」（ウェールズはブリテンの元ネタ）は海に関連する語源に由来し、アイルランドの「モリガン」は「恐怖」を意味する語または「偉大さ」を意味する語に由来するとし、名称は無関係であるとしている<ref>{{cite book |first=Maire |last=West |chapter=Aspects of ''díberg'' in the tale ''[[The Destruction of Da Derga's Hostel|Togail Bruidne Da Derga]]'' |title=Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie |volume=49–50 |page=950}}</ref> If trueClark, her worship may have resembled that of [[Perchta]] groups in Germanic areas.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carlo |last=Ginzburg |title=Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath |location=New York |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1991 |isbn=0-394-58163-6 |pages=6–71990, 91pp21–23, 101–2, 115 (note 47), 146 (note 62), 193, 182–204, 262, as well as numerous related references throughout Parts Two and Three}}</ref> There is a [[burnt mound]] site in [[County Tipperary]] known as ''Fulacht na Mór Ríoghna'' ("cooking pit of the Mórrígan"). The [[Fulacht fiadh|fulachtaí]] sites are found in wild areas, and are usually associated with outsiders such as the fianna, as well as with the hunting of deer. There may be a link with the three mythical [[hag]]s who cook the meal of dogflesh that brings the hero [[Cúchulainn]] to his doom. The ''Dá Chích na Morrígna'' ("two breasts of the Mórrígan"), a pair of hills near [[Brú na Bóinne]] in [[County Meath]], suggest to some a role as a [[tutelary deity|tutelary goddess]], comparable to [[Anu (goddess)|Anu]], who has her own hills, ''[[Paps of Anu|Dá Chích Anann]]'' ("the breasts of Anu") in [[County Kerry]]. Other goddesses known to have similar hills are [[Áine]] and [[Áine#Related goddesses|Grian]] of [[County Limerick]] who, in addition to a tutelary function, also have solar attributes. ==Arthurian legend=={{further|Morgan le Fay}} There have been attempts by some modern researchers and authors of fiction to link the Morrígan with the character of Morgan, the latter often being depicted in the legend as a [[fairy]] or otherwise supernatural sister of [[King Arthur]]. Morgan first appears in literature in [[Geoffrey of Monmouth|Geoffrey of Monmouth's]] 12th-century ''[[Vita Merlini]]'' as a goddess-like figure in no blood relation to Arthur, whom she takes to her Otherworld style land of [[Avalon]] following his mortal wound in a battle. In some Arthurian texts, such as ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', Morgan is portrayed as a hag whose actions set into motion a bloody trail of events that lead the hero into numerous instances of danger. Morgan is also depicted as a seductress, much like the older legends of the Morrígan, and has numerous lovers whom she might be even abducting for this purpose (as in some stories of [[Lancelot]] and [[Ogier the Dane]], among others). The character is frequently depicted as wielding power over others to achieve her own purposes, allowing those actions to play out over time, to the benefit or detriment of other characters208n.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight|url = http://www.shmoop.com/sir-gawain-green-knight/morgan-le-fay.html}}5</ref> However, while the creators of the literary character of Morgan may have been somewhat inspired by the much older tales of the goddess, the relationship likely ends there. Scholars such as Rosalind Clark hold that the names are unrelated, the Welsh "Morgan" (Wales being the original source of the [[Matter of Britain]]) being derived from root words associated with the sea, while the Irish "Morrígan" has its roots either in a word for "terror" or a word for "greatness".{{sfn|Clark|1990|pp=21–23, 208n.5}} ==Modern depictions=={{main|Irish mythology in popular culture#The Morrígan}} ==See also==* [[Bean nighe]]* [[Clíodhna]]* [[Mongfind]]* [[Scáthach]] ==References==* {{cite book |first=Rosalind |last=Clark |title=The Great Queens: Irish Goddesses from the Morrígan to Cathleen Ní Houlihan |series=Irish Literary Studies |volume=Book 34 |year=1990 |isbn=0-389-20928-7}}* {{cite book |author-link=Barry Cunliffe |first=Barry |last=Cunliffe |title=The Ancient Celts}}* {{cite book |author=DIL |title=Dictionary of the Irish Language |edition=Compact |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |year=1990}}* {{cite thesis |first=Angelique Gulermovich |last=Epstein |title=War Goddess: The Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts |date=September 1998 |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/3646002/a04dac |publisher=University of California |location=Los Angeles}}* {{cite book |first=James |last=MacKillop |title=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |year=1998 | publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280120-3}}* {{cite book |first=Daithi |last=Ó hÓgáin |title=Myth, Legend and Romance: An Encyclopedia of the Irish Folk Tradition |publisher=Prentice Hall Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0132759595 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=22181514}}* {{cite book |first=Cecile (ed & trans) |last=O'Rahilly |author-link=Cecile O'Rahilly |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T301012/index.html |title=Táin Bó Cuailnge ''Recension 1'' |year=1976}}* {{cite book |first=Anne |last=Ross |title=Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in Iconography |year=1967}}* {{cite book |first=Anne |last=Ross |chapter=The Divine Hag of the Pagan Celts |editor-first=V. |editor-last=Newall |title=The Witch Figure}} ==External links==*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050212132339/http://snlemons.iweb.bsu.edu/docs/Celtic/Morrigan%20Thesis.ZIP War Goddess: the Morrígan and her Germano-Celtic Counterparts] thesis by Angelique Gulermovich Epstein ([[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] format)。