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The Dagda has been likened to the Germanic god [[Odin]], the Gaulish god [[Sucellos]],<ref name=koch/> and the Roman god [[Dīs Pater]].<ref name="ohogain"/>
== Name ==
=== Etymology ===
The Old Irish name ''Dagda'' is generally believed to stem from {{lang-cel-x-proto|Dago-dēwos}}, meaning "the good god" or "the great god".{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=231}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|publisher=Errance|year=2003|isbn=978-2877723695|page=134|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Martin A|date=April 2008|title=The Names of the Dagda|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~samarti/dagda.pdf|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
===Epithets===
The Dagda has several other names or epithets which reflect aspects of his character.<ref>Ó hÓgáin, p. 245</ref>
* ''Eochu'' or ''Eochaid Ollathair'' ("horseman, great father" or "horseman, all-father")<ref>Koch, pp. 553, 1632</ref>
* ''Ruad Rofhessa'' ("mighty one/lord of great knowledge")<ref name=monaghan113/><ref>Maier, Bernhard. ''Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture''. Boydell & Brewer, 1997. p. 90</ref>
* ''[[Dáire]]'' ("the fertile one")<ref name="ohogain"/>
* ''Aed'' ("the fiery one")<ref>[[Peter Berresford Ellis|Berresford Ellis, Peter]]. ''The Druids''. W.B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1994. p. 123</ref><ref>Smyth, Daragh. ''A Guide to Irish Mythology''. Irish Academic Press, 1996. p. 15</ref>
* ''Fer Benn'' ("horned man" or "man of the peak")
* ''Cera'' (possibly "creator"),<ref>Monaghan, p. 83</ref>
* ''Cerrce'' (possibly "striker")<ref name=jones/>
* ''Easal''<ref>Monaghan, p. 144</ref>
* ''Eogabal''<ref name="ward"/>
The name Eochu is a diminutive form of Eochaid, which also has spelling variants of Eochaidh and Echuid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kathleen M |title=Index of Names in Irish Annals: Eochaid, Echuid / Eochaidh |url=http://medievalscotland.org/kmo/AnnalsIndex/Masculine/Eochaid.shtml |website=Index of Names in Irish Annals |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref> The death and ancestral god [[Donn]] may originally have been a form of the Dagda, who is sometimes called Dagda Donn.<ref name="Donn"/>
== Description ==
Tales depict the Dagda as a figure of immense power. He is said to own a magic staff, club or mace which could kill nine men with one blow; but with the handle he could return the slain to life. It was called the ''lorg mór'' ("the great staff/club/mace") or the ''lorg anfaid'' ("the staff/club/mace of wrath"). His magic cauldron was known as the ''[[coire ansic]]'' ("the un-dry cauldron") and was said to be bottomless, from which no man left unsatisfied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingmyths.com/Celticmyth.htm|title=Celtic Myths|website=livingmyths.com|access-date=2017-08-08|archive-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821133642/http://www.livingmyths.com/Celticmyth.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was said to have a ladle so big that two people could fit in it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-dagda-father-god-of-ireland-2561706|title=The Dagda, the Father God of Ireland}}</ref> [[Uaithne]], also known as "the Four Angled Music", was a richly ornamented magic [[harp]] made of [[oak]] which, when the Dagda played it, put the seasons in their correct order; other accounts tell of it being used to command the order of battle. He possessed two pigs, one of which was always growing whilst the other was always roasting, and ever-laden fruit trees. He also described as being the owner of a black-maned heifer that was given to him for his labours prior to the Second Battle of Moytura. When the heifer calls her calf, all the cattle of Ireland taken by the Fomorians as tribute graze.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stokes |first1=Whitley |title=The Second Battle of Moytura |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300011.html |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |publisher=University College, Cork, Ireland |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>
The Dagda was one of the kings of the Tuatha De Danann. The [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] are the race of supernatural beings who conquered the [[Fomorians]], who inhabited Ireland previously, prior to the coming of the [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]]. The [[Mórrígan]] is often described as his wife, his daughter was [[Breg (Irish mythology)|Brígh]],<ref name=Moytura>{{cite web |last1=Stokes |first1=Whitley |title=The Second Battle of Moytura |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300011/ |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |publisher=University College, Cork |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> and his lover was [[Boann]], after whom the River Boyne is named, though she was married to [[Elcmar]]. Prior to the battle with the [[Fomorians]], he coupled with the goddess of war, the [[Mórrígan]], on [[Samhain]] in exchange for a plan of battle.<ref name="CMT">''[[Cath Maige Tuireadh]]''. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/cmt/cmteng.htm Trans. Elizabeth A. Gray].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dagda|title=Dagda | Celtic deity}}</ref>
Despite his great power and prestige, the Dagda is sometimes depicted as oafish and crude, even comical, wearing a short, rough tunic that barely covers his rump, dragging his great penis on the ground.<ref name="CMT" /> Such features are thought to be the additions of Christian redactors for comedic purposes. The [[Middle Irish|Middle Irish language]] ''Coir Anmann'' (The Fitness of Names) paints a less clownish picture: "He was a beautiful god of the heathens, for the Tuatha Dé Danann worshipped him: for he was an earth-god to them because of the greatness of his (magical) power."<ref name="CA">''[[Coir Anmann]]''. [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/fitness_of_names.html ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202314/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/fitness_of_names.html |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
The Dagda has similarities with the later harvest figure [[Crom Dubh]].<ref name="Crom"/> He also has similarities with the Gaulish god [[Sucellos]], who is depicted with a hammer and a pot,<ref name=koch/> and the Roman god [[Dīs Pater]].<ref name="ohogain"/>
==Family==
The Dagda is said to be husband of [[the Morrígan]], who is called his "envious wife".<ref name="ohogain"/><ref>[https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T106500D/text049.html ''The Metrical Dindsenchas''] "Odras" Poem 49</ref> His children include [[Aengus]], [[Cermait]], and [[Aed (god)|Aed]] (often called the three sons of the Dagda), [[Brigit]] and [[Bodb Derg]].<ref name=koch/> He is said to have two brothers, [[Nuada Airgetlám|Nuada]] and [[Ogma]], but this may be an instance of the tendency to [[Triple deity|triplicate deities]].<ref name="ohogain"/> Elsewhere the Dagda is linked exclusively with Ogma, and the two are called "the two brothers."<ref name=Moytura /> In the Dindsenchas, the Dagda is given a daughter named Ainge, for whom he makes a twig basket or tub that always leaks when the tide is in and never leaks when it is going out.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/ws.rc.15.001.t.text.html| title = ''Dindsenchas'' "Fid n-Gaible"}}</ref> The Dagda's father is named Elatha son of Delbeath.<ref name="dolmens">{{cite book |last1=Borlase |first1=William Copeland |title=The Dolmens of Ireland |date=1897 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=Indiana University |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJMAAAAMAAJ&q=scal+balb&pg=PA802 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Englec, the daughter of Elcmar, is named as a consort of the Dagda and the mother of his "swift son".<ref name="banshenchas">{{cite web |title=Banshenchus: The Lore of Women |url=http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/banshenchus.html |website=Celtic Literature Collective |publisher=Mary Jones |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Echtgi the loathesome is another daughter of the Dagda's named in the [[Banshenchas]].<ref name=banshenchas />
== Mythology ==
[[File:Newgrange, Ireland 001.jpg|thumb|The rising Sun illuminates the inner chamber of [[Newgrange]] only at the [[winter solstice]].]]
Before the Second Battle of [[Mag Tuired]] the Dagda builds a fortress for [[Bres]] called Dún Brese and is also forced by the [[Fomorians|Fomorian]] kings [[Elatha]], Indech, and [[Tethra]] to build [[ringforts|raths]].<ref name=Moytura /> In the lead up to the Second Battle of Mag Tuired, when Lugh asks Dagda what power he will wield over the Fomorian host, he responds that he "will take the side of the men of Erin both in mutual smiting and destruction and wizardry. Their bones under my club will be as many as hailstones under feet of herds of horses".<ref name=Moytura />
The Dagda has an affair with [[Boann]], the goddess of the River Boyne. She lives at [[Newgrange|Brú na Bóinne]] with her husband [[Elcmar]]. The Dagda impregnates her after sending Elcmar away on a one-day errand. To hide the pregnancy from Elcmar, the Dagda casts a spell on him, making "the sun stand still" so he will not notice the passing of time. Meanwhile, Boann gives birth to [[Aengus]], who is also known as Maccán Óg ('the young son'). Eventually, Aengus learns that the Dagda is his true father and asks him for a portion of land. In some versions of the tale, the Dagda helps Aengus take ownership of the Brú from Elcmar. Aengus asks and is given the Brú for ''láa ocus aidche''; because in Old Irish this could mean either "a day and a night" or "day and night", Aengus claims it forever. Other versions have Aengus taking over the Brú from the Dagda himself by using the same trick.<ref>Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition''. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.39</ref><ref name="Hensey">Hensey, Robert. Re-discovering the winter solstice alignment at Newgrange, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology''. Oxford University Press, 2017. pp.11–13</ref>
It has been suggested that this tale represents the [[winter solstice]] illumination of Newgrange at Brú na Bóinne, during which the sunbeam (the Dagda) enters the inner chamber (the womb of Boann) when the [[Sun path|sun's path]] stands still. The word ''solstice'' (Irish ''grianstad'') means sun-standstill. The conception of Aengus may represent the 'rebirth' of the sun at the winter solstice, him taking over the Brú from an older god representing the growing sun taking over from the waning sun.<ref>Anthony Murphy and Richard Moore. "Chapter 8, Newgrange: Womb of the Moon", ''Island of the Setting Sun: In Search of Ireland's Ancient Astronomers''. Liffey Press, 2008. pp.160–172</ref><ref name="Hensey"/>
In ''[[Tochmarc Étaíne]]'', Dagda and Bóand help Aengus search for his love.<ref name="TE">''[[Tochmarc Étaíne]]''. [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300012/index.html Corpus of Electronic Texts]</ref>
In a poem about [[Conaille Muirtheimne|Mag Muirthemne]], the Dagda banishes an octopus with his "mace of wrath" using the following words: "Turn thy hollow head! Turn thy ravening body! Turn thy resorbent forehead! Avaunt! Begone!", the sea receded with the creature and the plain of Mag Muirthemne was left behind.<ref name="ucc.ie">[https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T106500D/text099.html The Metrical Dindshenchas poem on Mag Muirthemne]. [[Corpus of Electronic Texts]].</ref>
In the ''Dindsenchas'' the Dagda is described as swift with a poison draught and as a justly dealing lord. He is also called a King of Erin with hosts of hostages, a noble, slender prince, and the father of Cermait, Aengus, and Aed.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T106500D/text022.html| title = ''The Metrical Dindsenchas'' poem 22 "Ailech I"}}</ref>
He is credited with a seventy- or eighty-year reign (depending on source) over the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], before dying at Brú na Bóinne, finally succumbing to a wound inflicted by [[Cethlenn]] during the battle of Mag Tuired.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macalister |first=Robert Alexander Stewart |url=http://archive.org/details/leborgablare04macauoft |title=Lebor gabála Érenn : The book of the taking of Ireland |date=1938–1956 |publisher=Dublin : Published for the Irish texts Society by the Educational Company of Ireland |others=Kelly – University of Toronto |pages=314, 124–125 (Cetlenn); ¶366, pp. 184–185; Poem LV, str. 32 on p. 237}}</ref>
=== Bibliography ===
*{{Cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=James P.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|year=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|isbn=978-1884964985|author-link=James P. Mallory|author-link2=Douglas Q. Adams}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bergin |first=Osborn |title=How the Dagda Got his Magic Staff |encyclopedia=Medieval Studies in Memory of [[Gertrude Schoepperle|Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis]] |place=Paris & New York |year=1927 |pages=399–406 |url=http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/dagda.html |access-date=2010-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327222651/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/dagda.html |archive-date=2010-03-27 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sayers |first=William |title=''Cerrce'', an Archaic Epithet of the Dagda, Cernnunos, and Conall Cernach |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=16 |year=1988 |pages=341–64 }}
* {{cite book |last=Daimler |first=Morgan |title=The Dagda: Meeting The Good God Of Ireland |year=2018 |publisher=Moon Books |isbn=978-1785356407}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Brien, Ravenna |first=Lora, Morpheus|title=Harp, Club, and Cauldron – A Harvest of Knowledge: A curated anthology of scholarship, lore, and creative writings on the Dagda in Irish tradition |year=2018|publisher=Eek and Otter Press |isbn=978-1722813208}}
==External links==
* [https://www.worldhistory.org/The_Dagda/ World History Encyclopedia – The Dagda]
* * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnMnYPqAFsM&list=PL1CnKX8wN09VmQXpc0w0LE54pHzO26qwS&index=4 Mythical Ireland – Live Irish Myths Episode 4: The Dagda Leader of the Tuatha de Danaan]
== 概要 ==
