「ペリ」の版間の差分

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== イスラム文化 ==
 
== イスラム文化 ==
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With the spread of Islam through [[Persia]], the ''pari'' (or ''peri'' in Turkish) was integrated into Islamic folklore. Early Persian translations of the Quran, identified the good [[jinn]] as peris, and the evil ones with [[Dev (mythology)|div]]s.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&q=Piris |title = Dictionary of Islam|isbn = 9788120606722|last1 = Hughes|first1 = Patrick|last2 = Hughes|first2 = Thomas Patrick|year = 1995}}</ref> The belief in Pari still persist among Muslims in India as a type of spiritual creature besides the jinn, [[Shaitan|shayatin]] and [[Ifrit|the ghosts of the wicked]].<ref>Frederick M. Smith ''The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization'' Columbia University Press 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-231-51065-3}} page 570</ref> [[Turkic peoples|Turkish Muslims]] often accept the existence of paris among other creatures, such as jinn, ifrit (''ghosts'' or ''demons of hell''), nakir, div (''ogres'' or ''fiends'') and shayatin (''demons'' or ''devils'').<ref>Yves Bonnefoy ''Asian Mythologies'' University of Chicago Press 1993 {{ISBN|978-0-226-06456-7}} p. 322</ref>
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ペルシャにイスラム教が伝わると、パリ（トルコ語でペリ）はイスラムの民俗学に組み込まれた。
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Early Persian translations of the Quran, identified the good [[jinn]] as peris, and the evil ones with [[Dev (mythology)|div]]s.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&q=Piris |title = Dictionary of Islam|isbn = 9788120606722|last1 = Hughes|first1 = Patrick|last2 = Hughes|first2 = Thomas Patrick|year = 1995}}</ref> The belief in Pari still persist among Muslims in India as a type of spiritual creature besides the jinn, [[Shaitan|shayatin]] and [[Ifrit|the ghosts of the wicked]].<ref>Frederick M. Smith ''The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization'' Columbia University Press 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-231-51065-3}} page 570</ref> [[Turkic peoples|Turkish Muslims]] often accept the existence of paris among other creatures, such as jinn, ifrit (''ghosts'' or ''demons of hell''), nakir, div (''ogres'' or ''fiends'') and shayatin (''demons'' or ''devils'').<ref>Yves Bonnefoy ''Asian Mythologies'' University of Chicago Press 1993 {{ISBN|978-0-226-06456-7}} p. 322</ref>
  
 
According to the Persian [[tafsir|exegesis of the Qurʼan]] ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', the paris are beautiful female spirits created by [[God in Islam|God]] after the vicious divs. They mostly believe in God and are benevolent to mankind.<ref>Cosimo, Inc ''Arabian Nights, in 16 volumes: Volume XIII, Band 13'' 2008  {{ISBN|978-1-605-20603-5}} page 256</ref>
 
According to the Persian [[tafsir|exegesis of the Qurʼan]] ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', the paris are beautiful female spirits created by [[God in Islam|God]] after the vicious divs. They mostly believe in God and are benevolent to mankind.<ref>Cosimo, Inc ''Arabian Nights, in 16 volumes: Volume XIII, Band 13'' 2008  {{ISBN|978-1-605-20603-5}} page 256</ref>
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Although peris are usually regarded as benevolent creatures, in contrast to the divs, among the ''people of the air'', they are credited with being morally ambivalent creatures, who may or may not be muslims or infidels.<ref>Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148</ref>
 
Although peris are usually regarded as benevolent creatures, in contrast to the divs, among the ''people of the air'', they are credited with being morally ambivalent creatures, who may or may not be muslims or infidels.<ref>Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148</ref>
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== ペリが登場する民話 ==
 
== ペリが登場する民話 ==

2022年3月4日 (金) 07:31時点における版

ペリ（Peri）は、イランの高原地帯に棲んでいるとされる妖精の一種。ペルシャ神話では、ペリ（Persian: پری, 複数形 پريان pariān または pari とも）は、その美しさで名高い、優美な有翼の精霊で、人間の姿をしており、魔法を使える。

男女ともに理想的な姿で、男は威厳があり、女は美しいという。四大元素の内の火から作られた存在で、麝香やシタンなどの香りが食べ物とされる。

普段は峻厳とした山の頂上や、深い泉の底にいるが、たまに人間の世界に行くこともある。日本の天女と同じように、ペリの女性が人間の男と結婚する事もあるという。

ペリは後に他の文化にも取り入れられた[1]。ペリは贖罪のための懺悔を終えるまで楽園へ入ることを拒否されたいたずら好きな存在として描かれている[2]。 イスラム教の影響下では、ペリはいたずら好きのジンやディブ（悪魔）とは対照的に、慈悲深い霊となった[3]。 学者のウルリッヒ・マルツォルフ（اولریش_مارزلف）は、ペリの起源がインド・ペルシャであり、後にアラブの伝統的なおとぎ話に組み込まれたと指摘している[4]。

ペルシャ神話と文学において

ペリはペルシャの民間伝承や詩に詳しく、ロマンスや叙事詩に登場する。 さらに、後世の詩人たちは、この言葉を美しい女性を指す言葉として、その素晴らしさを説明するために使っている。フェルドウスィーの叙事詩『シャー・ナーメ（王書）』の冒頭で、スラオシャがペリの姿で現れ、破壊的なアーリマンがもたらす脅威をカユーマルス（神話の最初の人間で世界の王）とその息子スィヤーマクに警告している。ペリはまた、カユーマルスがアーリマンとその悪魔の息子を倒すために、最終的に作り上げる神秘的な軍隊の一部を成している。

ロスタムとソフラーブの物語では、ロスタムの恋人であるタハミーネ王女が「ペリのような美しさ」と呼ばれている。

ペリはディヴ（دَيۋَ다）（ディーヴァ、دَيۋَ ）と呼ばれる下層の悪魔の標的となり、鉄の檻に閉じ込められて迫害された[5]。この迫害は、ディブが認識していたように、パリスが倒錯に対する反乱に加わるだけの自尊心がないために生じたものであった[2]。

イスラム文化

ペルシャにイスラム教が伝わると、パリ（トルコ語でペリ）はイスラムの民俗学に組み込まれた。


Early Persian translations of the Quran, identified the good jinn as peris, and the evil ones with divs.[6] The belief in Pari still persist among Muslims in India as a type of spiritual creature besides the jinn, shayatin and the ghosts of the wicked.[7] Turkish Muslims often accept the existence of paris among other creatures, such as jinn, ifrit (ghosts or demons of hell), nakir, div (ogres or fiends) and shayatin (demons or devils).[8]

According to the Persian exegesis of the Qurʼan Tafsir al-Tabari, the paris are beautiful female spirits created by God after the vicious divs. They mostly believe in God and are benevolent to mankind.[9] They are still part of some folklore and accordingly they appear to humans, sometimes punishing hunters in the mountains who are disrespectful or waste resources, or even abducting young humans for their social events. Encounters with paris are held to be physical as well as psychological.[10]

Marriage, although possible, is considered undue in Islamic lore. Because of humans impatience and distrust, relationship between humans and paris will break up. Bilqis is, according to one narrative, the daughter of such a failed relationship between a pari and a human.[11]

Although peris are usually regarded as benevolent creatures, in contrast to the divs, among the people of the air, they are credited with being morally ambivalent creatures, who may or may not be muslims or infidels.[12]

ペリが登場する民話

参考文献

  • Wikipedia：ペリ
    • 草野巧, 幻想動物事典, 新紀元社, ファンタジー事典シリーズ, 1997-05, page=277, isbn=978-4-88317-283-2

参照

  1. ↑ Sherman, Josepha (2008). Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. Sharpe Reference. p. 361. ISBN, 978-0-7656-8047-1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nelson's New Dictionary of the English Language, Nelson, Thomas, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1922, https://books.google.com/books?id=LJURAAAAIAAJ&dq=peri+mythology&pg=RA1-PA234 ,pages=234
  3. ↑ Denise Aigle The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History BRILL, 28.10.2014 , ISBN, 9789004280649, p. 118
  4. ↑ Marzolph, Ulrich (08 Apr 2019). "The Middle Eastern World’s Contribution to Fairy-Tale History". In: Teverseon, Andrew. The Fairy Tale World. Routledge, 2019. pp. 46, 52, 53. Accessed on: 16 Dec 2021. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315108407-4
  5. ↑ Olinthus Gilbert Gregory Pantologia. A new (cabinet) cyclopædia, by J.M. Good, O. Gregory, and N. Bosworth assisted by other gentlemen of eminence, Band 8 Oxford University 1819 digitalized 2006 sec. 17
  6. ↑ テンプレート:Cite book
  7. ↑ Frederick M. Smith The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization Columbia University Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-231-51065-3 page 570
  8. ↑ Yves Bonnefoy Asian Mythologies University of Chicago Press 1993 ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7 p. 322
  9. ↑ Cosimo, Inc Arabian Nights, in 16 volumes: Volume XIII, Band 13 2008 ISBN 978-1-605-20603-5 page 256
  10. ↑ Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Taylor & Francis, 2003 ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5 page 463
  11. ↑ Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall Rosenöl. Erstes und zweytes Fläschchen: Sagen und Kunden des Morgenlandes aus arabischen, persischen und türkischen Quellen gesammelt BoD – Books on Demand 9783861994862 p. 103 (German)
  12. ↑ Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148
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