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In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], '''Pan''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|n}}; {{lang-grc|[[wikt:Πάν|Πάν]]|Pán}}) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, [[Pastoral#Pastoral music|rustic music]] and [[impromptu]]s, and companion of the [[nymph]]s. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a [[faun]] or [[satyr]]. With his homeland in rustic [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], he is also recognized as the god of fields, groves, wooded glens, and often affiliated with sex; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring.In [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman religion and myth]], Pan's counterpart was [[Faunus]], a nature god who was the father of [[Bona Dea]], sometimes identified as [[Fauna (goddess)|Fauna]]; he was also closely associated with [[Silvanus (mythology)|Sylvanus]], due to their similar relationships with woodlands. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Pan became a significant figure in [[Romanticism|the Romantic movement]] of western Europe and also in the 20th-century [[Neopaganism|Neopagan movement]].<ref>''The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft'', Hutton, Ronald, chapter 3</ref> ==Origins起源 ==
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日本語では長母音を省略して英語風に'''パン'''とも表記される。また意訳して'''牧神'''、'''牧羊神'''、'''半獣神'''とも呼ばれる。
パーンはファウヌスやサテュロスと同じように、ヤギの後ろ足、脚、角を持っている。パンの故郷は素朴なアルカディアで、野原、木立、森林の神として認識され、しばしばセックスと結び付けられる。このため、パンは豊穣と春の季節に結び付けられる<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/andr.12599, doi:10.1111/andr.12599, Gods associated with male fertility and virility, 2019, Neto F. T. L., Bach P. V., Lyra R. J. L. |, Borges Junior J. C., MaiaG. T. d. S., Araujo L. C. N., Lima S. V. C., Andrology, volume7, issue3, pages267–272, pmid:30786174, s2cid=:73507440</ref>。ローマの宗教と神話では、パーンに対応する神はファウヌスで、ボナ・デアの父親であり、ファウナと同定されることもある。また、森林との関係が似ていることから、シルヴァヌスとも密接な関係がある。。ローマの宗教と神話では、パーンに対応する神はファウヌスで、ボナ・デアの父親であり、ファウナと同定されることもある。また、森林との関係が似ていることから、シルヴァヌスとも密接な関係がある。18世紀から19世紀にかけて、パーンは西ヨーロッパのロマン主義運動や、20世紀のネオペイガン運動において重要な人物となった<ref>''The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft'', Hutton, Ronald, chapter 3</ref>。
Many modern scholars consider Pan to be derived from the reconstructed [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European god]] ''*Péh₂usōn'', whom they believe to have been an important pastoral deity<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J. P.|last2=Adams|first2=D. Q.|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2|page=434}}</ref> (''*Péh₂usōn'' shares an origin with the modern English word "pasture").<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=*pa-&allowed_in_frame=0 "''*pa-''"]. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''.</ref> The [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] god [[Pushan]] is believed to be a cognate of Pan. The connection between Pan and Pushan was first identified in 1924 by the German scholar [[Hermann Collitz]].<ref>H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," ''Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924'' 1924, pp 574–587.</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1149.</ref> The familiar form of the name Pan is contracted from earlier ''Πάων'', derived from the root *''peh₂-'' (guard, watch over).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|last=West|first=M. L.|date=2007-05-24|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|pages=282|language=en}}</ref> According to Edwin L. Brown, the name ''Pan'' is probably a [[cognate]] with the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word ὀπάων "companion".<ref>Edwin L. Brown, "The Divine Name 'Pan'", ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' '''107''' (1977:57–61), notes (p. 59) that the first inscription mentioning Pan is a 6th-century dedication to ΠΑΟΝΙ, a "still uncontracted" form.</ref>
