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The [[theonym]]s {{lang|ang|*Ēastre}} ([[Old English]]) and *''Ôstara'' ([[Old High German]]) are [[cognates]] – linguistic siblings stemming from a common origin. They derive from the [[Proto-Germanic]] theonym {{lang|gem-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Austrǭ|Austrō(n)]]}}, itself a descendant of [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) *''h₂ews-reh₂''- (cf. [[Proto-Baltic|Baltic]] *''auš(t)ra'' 'dawn, morning'), extended from the PIE root *''{{PIE|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-|h₂ews-]]}}'', meaning 'to shine, glow (red)'. The modern English ''east'' also derives from this root, via the Proto-Germanic [[adverb]] *''aust(e)raz'' ('east, eastwards'), from an earlier PIE *''h₂ews-tero-'' ('east, towards the dawn').{{sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=43}}
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== 名前 ==
=== 語源 ===
古英語の*Ēastreと古高ドイツ語の*Ôstaraは同義語であり、共通の起源を持つ言語的な兄弟である。これらは原ゲルマン語の同名異義語*Austrō(n)に由来し<ref>Simek, 1996, p74</ref><ref>Kroonen, 2013, p43</ref>、それ自体が「（赤く）輝く」という意味のPIE語源*h₂ews-から拡張した原インド・ヨーロッパ語（PIE）*h₂ews-reh₂-（参照：バルト語 *auš(t)ra 『夜明け、朝』）の派生とされている<ref name="WATKINS-2021">Watkins 2006 [2000]: 2021.</ref><ref>Kroonen, 2013, p43</ref>。。現代英語のeastもこの語源に由来し、原始ゲルマン語の副詞*aust(e)raz（「東、東方」）を経て、それ以前のPIE *h₂ews-tero- （「東、夜明けに向かって」）<ref>Kroonen, 2013, p43</ref>に由来している。
According to linguist Guus Kroonen, the Germanic and Baltic languages replaced the old formation *''[[H₂éwsōs|h₂éws-os]]'', the name of the PIE [[Dawn goddess|dawn-goddess]], with a form in ''-reh₂''-, likewise found in the Lithuanian deity ''[[Aušrinė]]''.{{sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=43}} In [[Anglo-Saxon England]], her springtime festival gave its name to a month (Northumbrian: ''{{lang|ang|Ēosturmōnaþ}}'', West Saxon: ''Eastermonað''),{{Sfn|Sermon|2008|p=333}} the equivalent of April, then to the Christian feast of ''[[Easter]]'' that eventually displaced it.{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=74}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=217–218}} In southern Medieval Germany, the festival ''Ôstarûn'' similarly gave its name to the month ''Ôstarmânôth'', and to the modern feast of ''Ostern'' ('Easter'), suggesting that a goddess named *''Ôstara'' was also worshipped there.{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=255}}{{Sfn|West|2007|pp=217–218}} The name of the month survived into 18th-century German as ''Ostermonat''.{{Sfn|Sermon|2008|p=335}} An [[Old Saxon]] equivalent of the spring goddess named *''Āsteron'' may also be reconstructed from the term ''asteronhus'', which is translated by most scholars as 'Easter-house' (cf. [[Middle Dutch|Medieval Flemish]] ''Paeshuys'' 'Easter-house').{{Sfn|Sermon|2008|ps=: "The term ''asteronhus'' could mean either 'Eastern-house' or 'Easterhouse', although current research tends to favor the latter of these two readings (Hessmann 2000). This interpretation is paralleled in the Flemish place-name and surname ''Paashuis'' or ''Paeschhuis'', also meaning 'Easter-house', of which the earliest known example is ''Paeshuys'' recorded at Antwerp in 1386 (Debrabandere 1993: 1073)."|pp=337–338}} Frankish historian [[Einhard]] also writes in his ''[[Vita Karoli Magni]]'' (early 9th c. AD) that after [[Charlemagne]] defeated and converted the continental Saxons to Christianity, he gave Germanic names to the Latin months of the year, which included the Easter-month ''Ostarmanoth''.{{Sfn|Sermon|2008|p=334}}
