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→起源と祝祭
== 起源と祝祭 ==
5月の行事としては、ローマ共和国時代に4月27日から5月3日まで行われた花の女神フローラの祭り「フロラリア（''Floralia''）」や、3年ごとに5月に行われるディオニュソスとアフロディーテを祝う祭り「マイウーマ（''Maiouma'' or ''Maiuma''）」が最も古いものとして知られている<ref>Pearse, R. [https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/ The festival of the Maiuma at Antioch]. July 2, 2012. Accessed 2009-Apr-09 at https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/</ref>。フロラリアは演劇で幕を開けた。オイディウスによれば、『フロラリア』では、祭りの一環として、'''ウサギ'''や'''ヤギ'''が放たれたという。ペルシウスは、群衆にソラマメ、豆、ルピナスが浴びせられたと書いている<ref group="私注">豆は邪気祓いの象徴ではないだろうか。</ref>。4月27日か5月3日に「フロリフェルトゥム（''Florifertum''）」と呼ばれる儀式が行われ<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 249.</ref><ref>Festus, 298 in the edition of Lindsay.</ref>、その際に麦穂の束を神殿に運び込んだが、この信仰の対象がフローラ（Flora）なのかケレース（Ceres）なのかは不明である<ref>P.Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 1912, München ; H.Le Bonniec, ''Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République'', 1958, Paris; Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig; P.Pouthier, ''Ops et la conception divine de l’abondance dans la religion romaine jusqu’à la mort d’Auguste'', BEFAR 242, 1981, Rome.</ref><ref>Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig.</ref>。
The earliest known May celebrations appeared with the [[Floralia|''Floralia'', festival of Flora]], the Roman goddess of flowers, held from 27 April – 3 May during the [[Roman Republic]] era, and the ''Maiouma'' or ''Maiuma'', a festival celebrating [[Dionysus]] and [[Aphrodite]] held every three years during the month of May. The Floralia opened with theatrical performances. In the Floralia, [[Ovid]] says that [[hare]]s and [[goat]]s were released as part of the festivities. [[Persius]] writes that crowds were pelted with [[vetch]]es, [[bean]]s, and [[lupin]]s. A ritual called the ''Florifertum'' was performed on either 27 April or 3 May,<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 249.</ref><ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]], 298 in the edition of Lindsay.</ref> during which a bundle of wheat ears was carried into a shrine, though it is not clear if this devotion was made to Flora or [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<ref>P.Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 1912, München ; H.Le Bonniec, ''Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République'', 1958, Paris; Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig; P.Pouthier, ''Ops et la conception divine de l’abondance dans la religion romaine jusqu’à la mort d’Auguste'', BEFAR 242, 1981, Rome.</ref><ref>Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig.</ref> Floralia concluded with [[Roman Empire#Recreation and spectacles|competitive events and spectacles]], and a sacrifice to Flora.<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 110.</ref>
Maiouma was celebrated at least as early as the 2nd century AD, when records show expenses for the month-long festival were appropriated by Emperor [[Commodus]].<ref name=Antiochopedia/> According to the 6th-century chronicles of [[John Malalas]], the Maiouma was a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries of [[Dionysus]] and [[Aphrodite]]" and that it was "known as the Maioumas because it is celebrated in the month of May-Artemisios". During this time, enough money was set aside by the government for torches, lights, and other expenses to cover a thirty-day festival of "all-night revels."<ref>Malalas, Chronicle 284-285</ref> The Maiouma was celebrated with splendorous banquets and offerings. Its reputation for licentiousness caused it to be suppressed during the reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], though a less debauched version of it was briefly restored during the reigns of [[Arcadius]] and [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], only to be suppressed again during the same period.<ref name="Antiochopedia">Christopher Ecclestone. 2009. [http://libaniusredux.blogspot.com/2009/07/festivals.html Festivals]. Antiochopedia = Musings Upon Ancient Antioch. Accessed 09-Apr-2019.</ref>
