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イナンナ（ɪˈnɑːnə; 𒀭𒈹、<sup>D</sup>inanna, also 𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾 <sup>D</sup>nin-an-na<ref>Heffron, 2016</ref>）<ref>Sumerian dictionary, http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html , oracc.iaas.upenn.edu</ref>は古代メソポタミアの愛と戦争と豊穣の女神である。また、美、性、神の正義、政治的権力とも関連している。シュメールでは「イナンナ」の名で、後にアッカド人、バビロニア人、アッシリア人によって「イシュタル（'''Ishtar'''、ˈɪʃtɑːr; 𒀭𒀹𒁯、<sup>D</sup>ištar<ref>Heffron, 2016</ref> occasionally represented by the logogram 𒌋𒁯）」の名で崇拝された。イナンナは「天の女王」と呼ばれ、ウルクの町にある[[エアンナ]]神殿が彼女の主要な信仰の場であり、守護神であった。金星と結びついた彼女は、象徴としてライオンや八芒星などが有名である。彼女の夫はドゥムジ神（後のタンムーズ神）であり、彼女の侍女は女神ニンシュブル（後に男神イラブレットやパプスカルと混同される）であった。
イナンナは少なくともウルク文化（前4000年頃-前3100年頃）の時代にはシュメールで崇拝されていたが、アッカドのサルゴンによる征服以前はほとんど信仰されていなかった。前3100年頃）の時代にはシュメールで崇拝されていたが、アッカドのサルゴンによる征服以前はほとんど信仰されていなかった。サルゴン王の時代以降、イナンナはシュメールのパンテオンの中で最も広く崇拝される神となり[4][5]、メソポタミア各地に神殿を持つようになった<ref>Wolkstein, Kramer, 1983, pagexviii</ref><ref>Nemet-Nejat, 1998, page182</ref>。
Inanna was worshiped in [[Sumer]] at least as early as the [[Uruk period]] ({{circa}} 4000 BCE – {{circa}} 3100 BCE), but she had little cult activity before the conquest of [[Sargon of Akkad]]. During the post-Sargonic era, she became one of the most widely venerated deities in the Sumerian pantheon,{{sfn|Wolkstein|Kramer|1983|page=xviii}}{{sfn|Nemet-Nejat|1998|page=182}} with temples across [[Mesopotamia]]. The cult of Inanna/Ishtar, which may have been associated with a variety of [[Sexual ritual|sexual rites]], was continued by the [[East Semitic]]-speaking people ([[Akkadians]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Babylonians]]) who succeeded and absorbed the Sumerians in the region. She was especially beloved by the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], who elevated her to become the highest deity in their pantheon, ranking above their own [[national god]] [[Ashur (god)|Ashur]]. Inanna/Ishtar is alluded to in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and she greatly influenced the [[Ugarit]]ic [[Ashtart]] and later [[Phoenicia]]n [[Astarte]], who in turn possibly influenced the development of the Greek goddess [[Aphrodite]]. Her cult continued to flourish until its gradual decline between the first and sixth centuries CE in the wake of [[Christianity]].
Inanna appears in more myths than any other Sumerian deity.{{sfn|Wolkstein|Kramer|1983|page=xv}}{{sfn|Penglase|1994|pages=42–43}}{{sfn|Kramer|1961|page=101}} She also had a uniquely high number of epithets and alternate names, comparable only to [[Nergal]].{{sfn|Wiggermann|1999|p=216}} Many of her myths involve her taking over the domains of other deities. She was believed to have been given the ''[[Me (mythology)|mes]]'', which represented all positive and negative aspects of civilization, by [[Enki]], the god of wisdom. She was also believed to have taken over the Eanna temple from [[Anu|An]], the god of the sky. Alongside her twin brother [[Utu]] (later known as Shamash), Inanna was the enforcer of [[Divine judgment|divine justice]]; she destroyed Mount Ebih for having challenged her authority, unleashed her fury upon the gardener [[#Inanna and Shukaletuda|Shukaletuda]] after he [[rape]]d her in her sleep, and tracked down the bandit woman [[Bilulu]] and killed her in [[divine retribution]] for having murdered Dumuzid. In the standard [[Akkadian literature|Akkadian]] version of the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Ishtar asks [[Gilgamesh]] to become her consort. When he refuses, she unleashes the [[Bull of Heaven]], resulting in the death of [[Enkidu]] and Gilgamesh's subsequent grapple with his mortality.
