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'''ヨーロッパの五月祭'''（ヨーロッパのごがつさい）とは、古代ローマの祭に由来する祭。5月1日に、豊穣の女神[[マイア]]を祭り供物が捧げられた。夏の豊穣を予祝する祭りと考えられている。現在では、ヨーロッパ各地で、キリスト教伝来以前にさかのぼる起源をもつ、春の訪れを祝う日として定着している。英語ではthe May Festival、May dayなどと呼ぶ<ref>[http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/25559/m0u/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E7%A5%AD/ goo辞書]</ref>。
'''May Day''' is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated on [[1 May]], around halfway between the [[March equinox|spring equinox]] and [[summer solstice]].<ref name="Melton">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781598842050 |page=915}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=May Day Celebrations |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/May-Day-Celebrations/ |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Festivities may also be held the night before, known as '''May Eve'''. Traditions often include gathering wildflowers and green branches, weaving floral [[garland]]s, crowning a [[May Queen]] (sometimes with a [[Jack in the Green|male companion]]), and setting up a [[Maypole]], May Tree or May Bush, around which people dance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=May Day|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/May-Day-European-seasonal-holiday|date=July 26, 2016|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc.|others=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Bonfire]]s are also part of the festival in some regions. Regional varieties and related traditions include [[Walpurgis Night]] in central and northern Europe,<ref name="Melton"/> the [[Gaels|Gaelic]] festival [[Beltane]],<ref name="Hutton Beltane">{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-820570-8 |pages=218–225 |author-link=Ronald Hutton}}</ref> the [[Wales|Welsh]] festival [[Calan Mai]],<ref name="Hutton Beltane"/> and [[May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary]]. It has also been associated with the [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] festival [[Floralia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshua |first1=Essaka |title=The Romantics and the May Day Tradition |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=16}}</ref>
In 1889, 1 May was chosen as the date for [[International Workers' Day]] by the [[Second International]], to commemorate the [[Haymarket affair]] in [[Chicago]] and the struggle for an eight-hour working day.<ref name="Foner">{{Cite book |last=Foner |first=Philip S. |url=https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone |title=May Day: A Short History of the International Workers' Holiday, 1886–1986 |publisher=International Publishers |year=1986 |isbn=0-7178-0624-3 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/41 41–43] |author-link=Philip S. Foner |url-access=registration}}</ref> As a result, International Workers' Day is also called "May Day", but the two are otherwise unrelated.
== Origins and celebrations ==
The earliest known May celebrations appeared with the [[Floralia|''Floralia'', festival of Flora]], the Roman goddess of flowers, held from 27 April – 3 May during the [[Roman Republic]] era, and the ''Maiouma'' or ''Maiuma'', a festival celebrating [[Dionysus]] and [[Aphrodite]] held every three years during the month of May.<ref>Pearse, R. [https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/ The festival of the Maiuma at Antioch]. July 2, 2012. Accessed 2009-Apr-09 at https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/07/02/the-festival-of-the-maiuma-at-antioch/</ref> The Floralia opened with theatrical performances. In the Floralia, [[Ovid]] says that [[hare]]s and [[goat]]s were released as part of the festivities. [[Persius]] writes that crowds were pelted with [[vetch]]es, [[bean]]s, and [[lupin]]s. A ritual called the ''Florifertum'' was performed on either 27 April or 3 May,<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 249.</ref><ref>[[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]], 298 in the edition of Lindsay.</ref> during which a bundle of wheat ears was carried into a shrine, though it is not clear if this devotion was made to Flora or [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]].<ref>P.Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', 1912, München ; H.Le Bonniec, ''Le culte de Cérès à Rome des origines à la fin de la République'', 1958, Paris; Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig; P.Pouthier, ''Ops et la conception divine de l’abondance dans la religion romaine jusqu’à la mort d’Auguste'', BEFAR 242, 1981, Rome.</ref><ref>Kurt Latte, ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'' , 1960, Leipzig.</ref> Floralia concluded with [[Roman Empire#Recreation and spectacles|competitive events and spectacles]], and a sacrifice to Flora.<ref>Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 110.</ref>
Maiouma was celebrated at least as early as the 2nd century AD, when records show expenses for the month-long festival were appropriated by Emperor [[Commodus]].<ref name=Antiochopedia/> According to the 6th-century chronicles of [[John Malalas]], the Maiouma was a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries of [[Dionysus]] and [[Aphrodite]]" and that it was "known as the Maioumas because it is celebrated in the month of May-Artemisios". During this time, enough money was set aside by the government for torches, lights, and other expenses to cover a thirty-day festival of "all-night revels."<ref>Malalas, Chronicle 284-285</ref> The Maiouma was celebrated with splendorous banquets and offerings. Its reputation for licentiousness caused it to be suppressed during the reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], though a less debauched version of it was briefly restored during the reigns of [[Arcadius]] and [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], only to be suppressed again during the same period.<ref name="Antiochopedia">Christopher Ecclestone. 2009. [http://libaniusredux.blogspot.com/2009/07/festivals.html Festivals]. Antiochopedia = Musings Upon Ancient Antioch. Accessed 09-Apr-2019.</ref>
A later May festival celebrated in [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] countries, [[Walpurgis Night]], commemorates the official canonization of [[Saint Walpurga]] on 1 May 870.<ref name="Melton2011">{{Cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781598842050 |page=915 |language=en |quote=Her feast day commemorates both the movement of her relics to Eichstatt and her canonization, both of which occurred on May 1.}}</ref> In [[Gaels|Gaelic]] culture, the evening of April 30th was the celebration of [[Beltane]] (which translates to "lucky fire") as well as the similar Welsh [[Calan Mai]], and marks the start of the summer season. First attested in 900 AD, the celebration mainly focused on the symbolic use of fire to bless cattle and other livestock as they were moved to summer pastures. This custom continued into the early 19th century, during which time cattle would be made to jump over fires to protect their milk from being stolen by [[Fairy|fairies]]. People would also leap over the fires for luck.<ref name="hutton">Hutton, Ronald. ''The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain''. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 218–225</ref>
Since the 18th century, many [[Roman Catholic]]s have observed May – and May Day – with various [[May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10542a.htm |title=Special Devotions for Months |date=1911 |website=The Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> In works of art, school skits, and so forth, Mary's head will often be adorned with flowers in a [[May crowning]]. 1 May is also one of two feast days of the Catholic patron saint of workers [[Saint Joseph|St Joseph the Worker]], a carpenter, husband to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother Mary]], and foster father of [[Jesus]].<ref name="EncyBrit">{{Cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306336/Saint-Joseph#ref1133736 |title=Saint Joseph |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Replacing another feast to St. Joseph, this date was chosen by [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communist [[International Workers' Day]] celebrations on May Day.<ref name=EncyBrit />
The best known modern May Day traditions, observed both in Europe and North America, include dancing around the [[maypole]] and crowning the [[Queen of May]]. Fading in popularity since the late 20th century is the tradition of giving of "May baskets," small baskets of sweets or flowers, usually left anonymously on neighbours' doorsteps.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:6mc7NCgm9U4J:www.seedsofknowledge.com/holidays/maybaskets.html |title=Charming May Day Baskets |date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Webcache.googleusercontent.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928172137/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3A6mc7NCgm9U4J%3Awww.seedsofknowledge.com%2Fholidays%2Fmaybaskets.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=1 May 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In the late 20th century, many [[neopagan]]s began reconstructing some of the older pagan festivals and combining them with more recently developed European secular and Catholic traditions, and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival.<ref>E.g. [https://vancouversun.com/news/Todd+dancing+celebrates+pagan+fertility/6554073/story.html Douglas Todd: "May Day dancing celebrates neo-pagan fertility", ''Vancouver Sun'', 1 May 2012]: accessed 8 May 2014</ref>
== Europe ==
=== Belgium ===
Locally known as 'Labour day' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Dag van de arbeid'', [[French language|French]]: ''Fête du Travail''), Belgium has celebrated May Day as a public holiday since 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BE|first=Admin|date=2017-05-01|title=Why do we celebrate Labour Day?|url=https://brussels-express.eu/celebrate-labour-day/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Brussels Express|language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Bulgaria ===
On May Day, [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarians]] celebrate Irminden (or Yeremiya, Eremiya, Irima, Zamski den). The holiday is associated with snakes and lizards and rituals are made in order to protect people from them. The name of the holiday comes from the prophet [[Jeremiah]], but its origins are most probably pagan.
It is said that on the days of the [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste|Holy Forty]] or [[Annunciation]] snakes come out of their burrows, and on Irminden their king comes out. Old people believe that those working in the fields on this day will be bitten by a snake in summer.
In western Bulgaria people light fires, jump over them and make noises to scare snakes. Another custom is to prepare "podnici" (special clay pots made for baking bread).
This day is especially observed by pregnant women so that their offspring do not catch "yeremiya"—an illness due to evil powers.
=== Czech Republic ===
In the [[Czech Republic]], May Day is traditionally considered a holiday of love and May as a month of love. The celebrations of spring are held on April 30 when a maypole ("májka" in Czech) is erected—a tradition possibly connected to Beltane, since bonfires are also lit on the same day. The event is similar to German Walpurgisnacht, its public holiday on April 30.
On May 31, the maypole is taken down in an event called Maypole Felling.
On May 1st, couples in love kiss under a blooming tree. According to the ethnographer Klára Posekaná, this is not an old habit. It most likely originated around the beginning of the 20th century in an urban environment, perhaps in connection with [[Karel Hynek Mácha]]'s poem [[Máj]] (which is often recited during these days) and [[Petřín]]. This is usually done under a cherry, an apple or a birch tree.
=== Estonia ===
May Day or "Spring Day" (''Kevadpüha'') is a national holiday in [[Estonia]] celebrating the arrival of spring.
More traditional festivities take place throughout the night before and into the early hours of 1 May, on the [[Walpurgis Night#Estonia|Walpurgis Night]] (''Volbriöö'').
=== Finland ===
[[File:TampereMayDay2013.jpg|thumb|May Day festivities in [[Tampere Central Square]], Finland.]]
In [[Finland]], Walpurgis night (''{{lang|fi|Vappu}}'') ("{{lang|sv|Vappen}}") is one of the four biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve, [[New Year's Eve]], and [[Midsummer]] (''{{lang|fi|Juhannus - Midsommar}}'').<ref name="Williams2016">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria |title=Celebrating Life Customs around the World |date= 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1440836596 |page=217 |language=en |quote=During the Walpurgisnacht Walpurgisnacht, or Walpurgis Night, is one of the names given to the night of 30 April , the eve of Saint Walpurga's feast day that falls on 1 May. Since Saint Walpurga's feast occurs on 1 May the saint is associated with May Day, especially in Finland and Sweden.}}</ref> Walpurgis witnesses the biggest [[carnival]]-style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebrations, which begin on the evening of 30 April and continue on 1 May, typically centre on the consumption of [[Sima (mead)|sima]], [[sparkling wine]] and other [[alcoholic beverage]]s. Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics of ''{{lang|fi|Vappu}}''. Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Many ''{{lang|fi|[[gymnasium (school)|lukio]]}}'' (university-preparatory high school) alumni wear the black and white [[student cap]] and many higher education students wear [[Student boilersuit|student coveralls]]. One tradition is to drink [[sima (mead)|sima]], a home-made low-alcohol [[mead]], along with freshly cooked [[funnel cakes]].
=== France ===
[[File:Lily of the valley 777.jpg|thumb|Lily of the valley]]
On 1 May 1561, King [[Charles IX of France]] received a [[lily of the valley]] as a lucky charm. He decided to offer a lily of the valley each year to the ladies of the court. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became custom to give a sprig of lily of the valley, a symbol of springtime, on 1 May. The government permits individuals and workers' organisations to sell them tax-free on that single day. Nowadays, people may present loved ones either with bunches of lily of the valley or dog rose flowers.<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/france/labor-day May Day in France Timeanddate.com].</ref>
=== Germany ===
[[File:Viktualienmarkt Maibaum Nahaufnahme 1999.jpg|thumb|right|''Maibaum'' in [[Munich]], Germany]]
[[File:Maibaum1.jpg|thumb|right|''Maibaum'' in [[Bad Tölz]], Germany]]
In rural regions of Germany, especially the [[Harz]] Mountains, ''[[Walpurgisnacht]]'' celebrations of pagan origin are traditionally held on the night before May Day, including [[bonfire]]s and the wrapping of a ''Maibaum'' (maypole). Young people use this opportunity to party, while the day itself is used by many families to get some fresh air. Motto: "Tanz in den Mai" (''"Dance into May"'').
In the [[Rhineland]], 1 May is also celebrated by the delivery of a maypole, a tree covered in streamers to the house of a girl the night before. The tree is typically from a love interest, though a tree wrapped only in white streamers is a sign of dislike. Women usually place roses or rice in the form of a heart at the house of their beloved one. It is common to stick the heart to a window or place it in front of the doormat. In [[leap years]], it is the responsibility of the women to place the maypole. All the action is usually done secretly and it is an individual's choice whether to give a hint of their identity or stay anonymous.
May Day was not established as a public holiday until [[Nazi Germany]] declared 1 May a "national workers' day" in 1933. As [[Labour Day]], many political parties and unions host activities related to work and employment.
=== Greece ===
1 May is a day that celebrates Spring.
Maios (Latin [[Maius]]), the month of May, took its name from the goddess [[Maia (mythology)|Maia]] (Gr {{lang|grc|Μαία, the nurse}}), a Greek and Roman goddess of fertility. The day of Maios (Modern Greek Πρωτομαγιά) celebrates the final victory of the summer against winter as the victory of life against death. The celebration is similar to an ancient ritual associated with another minor demi-god [[Adonis]] which also celebrated the revival of nature. There is today some conflation with yet another tradition, the revival or marriage of [[Dionysus]] (the Greek God of theatre and wine-making). This event, however, was celebrated in ancient times not in May but in association with the [[Anthesteria]], a festival held in February and dedicated to the goddess of agriculture [[Demeter]] and her daughter [[Persephone]]. [[Persephone]] emerged every year at the end of Winter from the Underworld. The Anthesteria was a festival of souls, plants and flowers, and Persephone's coming to earth from [[Hades]] marked the rebirth of nature, a common theme in all these traditions.
What remains of the customs today, echoes these traditions of antiquity. A common, until recently, May Day custom involved the annual revival of a youth called [[Adonis]], or alternatively of [[Dionysus]], or of [[Maius|Maios]] (in Modern Greek Μαγιόπουλο, the Son of [[Maia (mythology)|Maia]]). In a simple theatrical ritual, the significance of which has long been forgotten, a chorus of young girls sang a song over a youth lying on the ground, representing [[Adonis]], [[Dionysus]] or [[Maius|Maios]]. At the end of the song, the youth rose up and a flower wreath was placed on his head.
The most common aspect of modern May Day celebrations is the preparation of a flower wreath from wild flowers, although as a result of urbanisation there is an increasing trend to buy wreaths from flower shops. The flowers are placed on the wreath against a background of green leaves and the wreath is hung either on the entrance to the family house/apartment or on a balcony. It remains there until midsummer night. On that night, the flower wreaths are set alight in bonfires known as [[Saint John's Eve|Saint John's fires]]. Youths leap over the flames consuming the flower wreaths. This custom has also practically disappeared, like the theatrical revival of Adonis/Dionysus/Maios, as a result of rising urban traffic and with no alternative public grounds in most Greek city neighbourhoods.
=== Ireland ===
May Day has been celebrated in Ireland since pagan times as the feast of [[Beltane]] and in latter times as Mary's day. Traditionally, bonfires were lit to mark the coming of summer and to grant luck to people and livestock. Officially Irish May Day holiday is the first Monday in May. The tradition of a MayBush was reported as being suppressed by law and the magistrates in [[Dublin]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite news|title= Dublin|newspaper= Hibernian Journal; or, Chronicle of Liberty|date= 1 May 1776|page= 5}}</ref> Old traditions such as bonfires are no longer widely observed, though the practice still persists in some places across the country. Limerick, Clare and many other people in other counties still keep on this tradition, including areas in Dublin city such as Ringsend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local/warning-issued-ahead-of-limerick-s-may-eve-bonfires-1-5044472 |title=Warning issued ahead of Limerick's May Eve bonfires |last=Hurley |first=David |date=2013-04-30 |publisher=Limerick Leader |url-access=subscription |access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref>
=== Italy ===
In Italy it is called ''Calendimaggio'' or ''cantar maggio'' a seasonal feast held to celebrate the arrival of spring. The event takes its name from the period in which it takes place, that is, the beginning of May, from the Latin ''calenda maia''. The Calendimaggio is a tradition still alive today in many regions of Italy as an allegory of the return to life and rebirth: among these [[Piedmont]], [[Liguria]], [[Lombardy]], [[Emilia-Romagna]] (for example, is celebrated in the area of the ''Quattro Province'' or [[Province of Piacenza|Piacenza]], [[Province of Pavia|Pavia]], [[Province of Alessandria|Alessandria]] and [[Province of Genoa|Genoa]]), [[Tuscany]] and [[Umbria]]. This magical-propitiatory ritual is often performed during an [[alms]]giving in which, in exchange for gifts (traditionally eggs, wine, food or sweets), the Maggi (or maggerini) sing auspicious verses to the inhabitants of the houses they visit. Throughout the Italian peninsula these ''Il Maggio'' couplets are very diverse—most are love songs with a strong romantic theme, that young people sang to celebrate the arrival of spring. Roman families traditionally eat [[pecorino]] with fresh [[Vicia faba|fava beans]] during an excursion in the [[Roman Campagna]]. Symbols of spring revival are the trees ([[alder]], [[Laburnum anagyroides|golden rain]]) and flowers ([[Viola (plant)|violets]], [[rose]]s), mentioned in the verses of the songs, and with which the maggerini adorn themselves. In particular the plant alder, which grows along the rivers, is considered the symbol of life and that's why it is often present in the ritual.
Calendimaggio can be historically noted in Tuscany as a mythical character who had a predominant role and met many of the attributes of the god [[Belenus]]. In [[Lucania]], the 'Maggi' have a clear auspicious character of pagan origin. In [[Syracuse, Sicily]], the ''Albero della Cuccagna'' (cf. "[[Greasy pole]]") is held during the month of May, a feast celebrated to commemorate the victory over the [[Ancient Athens|Athenians]] led by [[Nicias]]. However, [[Angelo de Gubernatis]], in his work ''Mythology of Plants'', believes that without doubt the festival was previous to that of said victory.
It is a celebration that dates back to ancient peoples, and is very integrated with the rhythms of nature, such as the [[Celts]] (celebrating [[Beltane]]), [[Etruscans]] and [[Ligures]], in which the arrival of summer was of great importance.
=== Poland ===
In [[Poland]], there is a state holiday on 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day |title=May Day in Poland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815142641/http://anglopolish.com/index.php/en/archive/29-polish-tradition/155-international-workers-day-may-day |archive-date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/tp/polandholidays.htm |title=Poland's Holidays |access-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> It is currently celebrated without a specific connotation, and as such it is May Day.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} However, due to historical connotations, most of the celebrations are focused around [[Public holidays in Poland|Labour Day]] festivities. It is customary for labour activists and left-wing political parties to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland on this day. The holiday is also commonly referred to as "Labour Day" ("Święto Pracy").
The May Day in Poland is closely followed by another state holiday, [[3 May Constitution Day]]. The Parliamentary Act of February 20, 2004 introduced the [[Polish National Flag Day]] observed on 2 May. While not a public holiday, together with the other two it constitutes the so-called "Majówka"—a three-day celebration period often considered the beginning of the barbecue season in the country.
=== Portugal ===
"Maias" is a superstition throughout Portugal, with special focus on the northern territories and rarely elsewhere. Maias is the dominant naming in Northern Portugal, but it may be referred to by other names, including Dia das Bruxas (Witches' day), O Burro (the Donkey, referring to an evil spirit) or the last of April, as the local traditions preserved to this day occur on that evening only. People put the yellow flowers of [[Cytisus striatus|broom]], the bushes are known as giestas. The flowers of the bush are known as Maias, which are placed on doors or gates and every doorway of houses, windows, granaries, currently also cars, which the populace collect on the evening of 30 April when the Portuguese brooms are blooming, to defend those places from bad spirits, witches and the evil eye. The placement of the May flower or bush in the doorway must be done before midnight.
These festivities are a continuum of the "Os Maios" of Galiza. In ancient times, this was done while playing traditional night-music. In some places, children were dressed in these flowers and went from place to place begging for money or bread. On May 1, people also used to sing "Cantigas de Maio", traditional songs related to this day and the whole month of May.
The origin of this tradition can be traced to the Catholic Church story of Mary and Joseph fleeing to Egypt to protect Jesus from Herod. It was said that brooms could be found at the door of the house holding Jesus, but when Herod's soldiers arrived to the place they found every door decorated with brooms.
=== Romania ===
On May Day, the [[Romanian people|Romanians]] celebrate the ''arminden'' (or ''armindeni''), the beginning of summer, symbolically tied with the protection of crops and farm animals. The name comes from [[Slavonic languages|Slavonic]] ''Jeremiinŭ dĭnĭ'', meaning prophet [[Jeremiah]]'s day, but the celebration rites and habits of this day are [[apotropaic]] and [[pagan]] (possibly originating in the cult of the god [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]]).
The day is also called ''ziua pelinului'' ("[[mugwort]] day") or ''ziua bețivilor'' ("drunkards' day") and it is celebrated to ensure good wine in autumn and, for people and farm animals alike, good health and protection from the elements of nature (storms, hail, illness, pests). People would have parties in natural surroundings, with ''lăutari'' (fiddlers) for those who could afford it. Then it is customary to roast and eat lamb, along with new mutton cheese, and to drink mugwort-flavoured wine, or just red wine, to refresh the blood and get protection from diseases. On the way back, the men wear [[lilac]] or mugwort flowers on their hats.
Other apotropaic rites include, in some areas of the country, people washing their faces with the morning dew (for good health) and adorning the gates for good luck and abundance with green branches or with [[birch]] saplings (for the houses with maiden girls). The entries to the animals' shelters are also adorned with green branches. All branches are left in place until the wheat harvest when they are used in the fire which will bake the first bread from the new wheat.
On May Day eve, country women do not work in the field as well as in the house to avoid devastating storms and hail coming down on the village.
''Arminden'' is also ''ziua boilor'' (oxen day) and thus the animals are not to be used for work, or else they could die or their owners could get ill.
It is said that the weather is always good on May Day to allow people to celebrate.
=== Serbia ===
"Prvomajski uranak" (Reveille on May 1st) is a folk tradition and feast that consists of the fact that on 1 May, people go in the nature or even leave the day before and spend the night with a camp fire. Most of the time, a dish is cooked in a kettle or in a barbecue. Among Serbs this holiday is widespread. Almost every town in Serbia has its own traditional first-of-may excursion sites, and most often these are green areas outside the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/celebrate-may-day-serbian-style-04-24-2017 |title=Celebrate May Day, Serbian Style |date=1 May 2017 |website=Balkan Insight |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>
=== Spain ===
May Day is celebrated throughout the country as ''Los Mayos'' (lit. "the Mays") often in a similar way to "[[Fiesta de las Cruces]]" in many parts of Hispanic America. One such example, in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], is the festival "[[:es:Fiesta de los mayos (Galicia)|Fiesta de los Mayos]]" (or "Festa dos Maios" in [[Galician language|Galician]], the local language). It has a celtic origin (from the festivity of Beltane)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcorreogallego.es/hemeroteca/1-mayo-dia-beltane-LPCG929561|title=1 de mayo, Día del Beltane|website=www.elcorreogallego.es}}</ref> and consists of different traditions, such as representations around a decorated tree or sculpture. People sing popular songs (also called ''maios'',) making mentions to social and political events during the past year, sometimes under the form of a converse, while they walk around the sculpture with the percussion of two sticks. In [[Lugo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lugopatrimonio.org/index.php/multimedia/videos/item/1976-maioslugo/1976-maioslugo|title=Festa dos Maios en Lugo}}</ref> and in the village of [[Vilagarcía de Arousa]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vilagarcia.es/turismo/galego/7_as_festas/maios.asp |title=turismo01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075810/http://www.vilagarcia.es/turismo/galego/7_as_festas/maios.asp |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> it was usual to ask a tip to the attendees, which used to be a handful of dry chestnuts (''castañas maiolas''), walnuts or hazelnuts. Today the tradition became a competition where the best sculptures and songs receive a prize.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.farodevigo.es/portada-arousa/2015/04/17/festa-maios-contara-mil-euros/1221981.html |title=La Festa dos Maios contará con más de mil euros en premios |last=Faro de Vigo |date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>
In the Galician city of [[Ourense]] this day is celebrated traditionally on 3 May, the day of the Holy Cross, that in the Christian tradition replaced the tree "where the health, life and resurrection are," according to the introit of that day's mass.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://friarssermon.blogspot.de/2009/05/dia-de-la-santa-cruz.html |title=Sermón Dominical |last=Viva Cristo Rey|date=2 May 2009 }}</ref>
In Catalunya, the May Day is not celebrated.
=== Sweden ===
The more traditional festivities have moved to the day before, [[Walpurgis Night]] ("Valborgsmässoafton"), known in some locales as simply "Last of April" and often celebrated with bonfires and a good bit of drinking. The first of May is instead celebrated as [[International Workers' Day]].
=== Turkey ===
It has celebrated officially in Turkey for the first time in 1923. Since 2009, It is celebrated in Turkey as a public holiday on the first of May.
===United Kingdom===
====England====
[[File: Melmerby May Queen on Village Green - geograph.org.uk - 233648.jpg|thumb|May Queen on the village green, [[Melmerby, Cumbria|Melmerby]], England]]
[[File: Maypole Dancing on Village Green - geograph.org.uk - 1628839.jpg|thumb|Children dancing around a maypole as part of a May Day celebration in Welwyn, England]]
Traditional English May Day [[Ritual|rite]]s and [[celebration (party)|celebrations]] include crowning a [[May Queen]] and celebrations involving a [[maypole]], around which dancers often circle with ribbons. Historically, [[Morris dance|Morris dancing]] has been linked to May Day celebrations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLqXM3U_pzEC&q=may+day+england+morris+dancing&pg=PA402 |title=Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |date=2009 |website=Sage |volume=1|isbn=9781412966702 }}</ref> The earliest records of maypole celebrations date to the 14th century, and by the 15th century the maypole tradition was well established in southern Britain.<ref name=hutton/> The tradition persists into the 21st century in the [[Isle of Ely]]. Centenary Green part of the [[Octavia Hill]] Birthplace House, [[Wisbech]] has a flagpole which converts into a Maypole each year, used by local schools and other groups.<ref>{{cite web|title= Merry Maypole|url=http://www.octaviahill.org/merry-maypoles-ageless-appeal/|website= www.octaviahill.org|access-date= 14 January 2021}}</ref>
{{Anchor|Early May bank holiday}} <!--Please leave this anchor as is; it is a redirect target-->
The early May bank holiday on the first Monday in May was created in 1978; May Day itself{{spaced ndash}}1 May{{spaced ndash}}is not a public holiday in England (unless it falls on a Monday). In February 2011, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] was reported to be considering scrapping the bank holiday associated with May Day, replacing it with a bank holiday in October, possibly coinciding with [[Trafalgar Day]] (celebrated on October 21), to create a "United Kingdom Day".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Curtis, Polly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/04/may-day-bank-holiday-under-threat |title=Mayday for May Day: Bank Holiday May Move to 'Most Unexceptional of British' October Slot – Minister Says Swap Would Extend Tourist Season But Unions See Tory Plot to Get Rid of Workers' Day |date=February 4, 2011 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> Similarly, attempts were made by the [[John Major]] government in 1993 to abolish the May Day holiday and replace it with Trafalgar Day.
Unlike the other Bank Holidays and common law holidays, the first Monday in May is taken off from (state) schools by itself, and not as part of a half-term or end of term holiday. This is because it has no Christian significance and does not otherwise fit into the usual school holiday pattern. (By contrast, the [[Easter]] Holiday can start as late—relative to [[Easter]]—as [[Good Friday]], if Easter falls early in the year; or finish as early—relative to Easter—as Easter Monday, if Easter falls late in the year, because of the supreme significance of Good Friday and Easter Day to [[Christianity]].)
May Day was abolished and its celebration banned by [[Puritan]] parliaments during the [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]], but reinstated with the [[English Restoration|restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1660.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The rise and fall of Merry England |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-285447-X |edition=New |location=Oxford |pages=272–8}}</ref> 1 May 1707, was the day the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] came into effect, joining the kingdoms of England (including Wales) and Scotland to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].
[[File:John Collier - Queen Guinevere's Maying.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Queen Guinevere]]'s Maying'', by [[John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)|John Collier]]<br />
<br />
For thus it chanced one morn when all the court,<br />
Green-suited, but with plumes that mocked the may,<br />
Had been, there won't, a-maying and returned,<br />
That Modred still in the green, all ear and eye,<br />
Climbed to the high top of the garden-wall<br />
To spy some secret scandal if he might,}}<ref>''[[Idylls of the King]] : Guinevere'', [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], 1859</ref>]]
In [[Cambridgeshire]] villages, young girls went May Dolling (going around the villages with dressed dolls and collecting pennies). This dressing of dolls and singing was said to have persisted into the 1960s in [[Swaffham Prior]]
{{blockquote|
Sing a song of May-time.<br/>
Sing a song of Spring.<br/>
Flowers are in their beauty.<br/>
Birds are on the wing.<br/>
May time, play time.<br/>
God has given us May time.<br/>
Thank Him for His gifts of love.<br/>
Sing a song of Spring.
<ref>{{cite web|title= May Day Traditions|url= http://www.enidporterproject.org.uk/content/cambridgeshire-traditions/annual-events/may-1st/may-1st|website= www.enidporterproject.org.uk|access-date= 14 January 2021}}</ref>}}
In [[Oxford]], it is a centuries-old tradition for [[May Morning]] revellers to gather below the Great Tower of [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] at 6{{nbsp}}am to listen to the college choir sing traditional madrigals as a conclusion to the previous night's celebrations. Since the 1980s some people then jump off [[Magdalen Bridge]] into the [[River Cherwell]]. For some years, the bridge has been closed on 1 May to prevent people from jumping, as the water under the bridge is only {{convert|2|ft|cm}} deep and jumping from the bridge has resulted in serious injury in the past. There are still people who climb the barriers and leap into the water, causing themselves injury.<ref>Staff (1 May 2008). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/oxfordshire/7376954.stm "Jumpers Flout May Day Bridge Ban"]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved May 1, 2013.</ref>
In [[Durham, England|Durham]], students of the [[University of Durham]] gather on [[Prebend's Bridge]] to see the sunrise and enjoy festivities, folk music, dancing, madrigal singing and a barbecue breakfast. This is an emerging Durham tradition, with patchy observance since 2001.
[[Kingsbury Episcopi]], Somerset, has seen its yearly May Day Festival celebrations on the May bank holiday Monday burgeon in popularity in the recent years. Since it was reinstated 21 years ago it has grown in size, and on 5 May 2014 thousands of revellers were attracted from all over the south-west to enjoy the festivities, with BBC Somerset covering the celebrations. These include traditional [[maypole]] dancing and morris dancing, as well as contemporary music acts.
[[Whitstable]], Kent, hosts a good example of more traditional May Day festivities, where the Jack in the Green festival was revived in 1976 and continues to lead an annual procession of [[morris dance]]rs through the town on the May bank holiday. A separate revival occurred in [[Hastings]] in 1983 and has become a major event in the town calendar. A traditional sweeps festival is performed over the May bank holiday in [[Rochester, Kent]], where the [[Jack in the Green]] is woken at dawn on 1 May by Morris dancers.
At 7:15 p.m. on 1 May each year, the Kettle Bridge Clogs<ref name="KBClogs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kettlebridgeclogs.org.uk |title=Kettle Bridge Clogs |last=Cordery |first=Steve |publisher=Kettle Bridge Clogs |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> morris dancing side dance across [[Barming]] Bridge (otherwise known as the Kettle Bridge), which spans the [[River Medway]] near [[Maidstone]], to mark the official start of their morris dancing season.
The [[Maydayrun]] involves thousands of motorbikes taking a {{convert|55|mi|km|adj=on}} trip from [[Greater London]] ([[Locksbottom]]) to the Hastings seafront, [[East Sussex]]. The event has been taking place for almost 30 years now and has grown in interest from around the country, both commercially and publicly. The event is not officially organised; the police only manage the traffic, and volunteers manage the parking.
[[Padstow]] in [[Cornwall]] holds its annual [['Obby 'Oss festival|Obby-Oss]] (Hobby Horse) day of festivities. This is believed to be one of the oldest fertility rites in the UK; revellers dance with the Oss through the streets of the town and even though the private gardens of the citizens, accompanied by accordion players and followers dressed in white with red or blue sashes who sing the traditional "May Day" song. The whole town is decorated with springtime greenery, and every year thousands of onlookers attend. Before the 19th century, distinctive [[West Cornwall May Day celebrations|May Day celebrations]] were widespread throughout West Cornwall, and are being revived in [[St Ives, Cornwall|St. Ives]] and [[Penzance]].
[[Kingsand]], [[Cawsand]] and [[Millbrook, Cornwall|Millbrook]] in Cornwall celebrate [[Flower Boat Ritual]] on the May Day bank holiday. A model of the ship ''[[The Black Prince]]'' is covered in flowers and is taken in a procession from the Quay at Millbrook to the beach at Cawsand where it is cast adrift. The houses in the villages are decorated with flowers and people traditionally wear red and white clothes. There are further celebrations in Cawsand Square with [[Morris dancing]] and [[May pole]] dancing.
====Scotland====
May Day has been celebrated in [[Scotland]] for centuries. It was previously closely associated with the [[Beltane]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/beltane |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: DOST :: Beltane n. |website=www.dsl.ac.uk}}</ref> Reference to this earlier celebration is found in poem 'Peblis to the Play', contained in the [[Maitland Manuscripts]] of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Scots poetry:
<poem style="margin-left: 2em;">At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis
To Peblis to the Play,
To heir the singin and the soundis;
The solace, suth to say,
Be firth and forrest furth they found
Thay graythis tham full gay;
God wait that wald they do that stound,
For it was their feast day the day they celebrate May Day,
Thay said, [...]</poem>
The poem describes the celebration in the town of [[Peebles]] in the [[Scottish Borders]], which continues to stage a parade and pageant each year, including the annual ‘Common Riding’, which takes place in many towns throughout the Borders. As well as the crowning of a Beltane Queen each year, it is custom to sing ‘The Beltane Song’.<ref name="tracscotland.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tracscotland.org/sites/default/files/May%20Songs%20and%20Rhymes_0.pdf |title=The Songs and Rhymes of May |website=Traditional Arts & Culture Scotland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143738/http://www.tracscotland.org/sites/default/files/May%20Songs%20and%20Rhymes_0.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-15 |access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref>
[[John Jamieson]], in his ''Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language'' (1808) describes some of the May Day/Beltane customs which persisted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scotsdictionary.com/ |title=Jamieson's Dictionary Online |website=www.scotsdictionary.com}}</ref> In the nineteenth century, folklorist [[Alexander Carmichael]] (1832–1912), collected the song ''Am Beannachadh Bealltain'' (''The Beltane Blessing'') in his ''[[Carmina Gadelica]]'', which he heard from a [[Crofting|crofter]] in [[South Uist]].<ref name="tracscotland.org" />
Scottish May Day/Beltane celebrations have been somewhat revived since the late twentieth century. Both [[Edinburgh]] and [[Glasgow]] organise May Day festivals and rallies. In [[Edinburgh]], the [[Beltane Fire Festival]] is held on the evening of May eve and into the early hours of May Day on the city's [[Calton Hill]]. An older Edinburgh tradition has it that young women who climb [[Arthur's Seat]] and wash their faces in the morning dew will have lifelong beauty. At the [[University of St Andrews]], some of the students gather on the beach late on 30 April and run into the [[North Sea]] at sunrise on May Day, occasionally naked. This is accompanied by torchlit processions and much elated celebration.
==== Wales ====
In Wales the first day of May is known as ''[[Calan Mai]]'' or ''Calan Haf'', and parallels the festival of Beltane and other May Day traditions in Europe.
Traditions would start the night before (''Nos Galan Haf'') with bonfires, and is considered a ''Ysbrydnos'' or ''spirit night'' when people would gather [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] (''draenen wen'') and flowers to decorate their houses, celebrating new growth and fertility. While on May Day celebrations would include summer dancing (''dawnsio haf'') and May carols (''carolau mai'' or ''carolau haf'') othertimes referred to as "singing under the wall" (''canu dan y pared),'' May Day was also a time for officially opening a village green (twmpath chwarae).
== North America ==
=== Canada ===
May Day is celebrated in some parts of the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario.
'''Toronto'''
In Toronto, on the morning of 1 May, various Morris Dancing troops from Toronto and Hamilton gather on the road by Grenadier Cafe, in High Park to "dance in the May". The dancers and crowd then gather together and sing traditional May Day songs such as Hal-An-Tow and Padstow.
'''British Columbia'''
Celebrations often take place not on 1 May but during the Victoria Day long weekend, later in the month and when the weather is likely to be better. The longest continually observed May Day in the British Commonwealth is held in the city of [[New Westminster]], BC. There, the first May Day celebration was held on 4 May 1870.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Francis |first1=Valerie |title=Official Programme Celebrating the 125th Anniversary of May Day and New Westminster Homecoming Reunion |last2=Miller |first2=Archie |date=May 1995}}</ref>
=== United States ===
''Main: [[Labor Day#Labor Day vs. May Day|Labor Day vs. May Day]]''[[File:National-Park-Seminary-May-Day-1907.jpg|thumb|right|May Day festivities at [[National Park Seminary]] in [[Maryland]], 1907]]
[[File:Longview Park.jpg|thumb|May Day festivities at [[Longview Park Conservatory and Gardens|Longview Park]] in [[Rock Island, Illinois]], c. 1907 – 1914]]
May Day was also celebrated by some early European settlers of the [[Americas|American]] continent. In some parts of the United States, May baskets are made. These are small baskets usually filled with flowers or treats and left at someone's doorstep. The giver rings the bell and runs away.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weeks |first=Lincoln |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/04/30/402817821/a-forgotten-tradition-may-basket-day |title=A Forgotten Tradition: May Basket Day |date=30 April 2015 |access-date=1 May 2017 |publisher=NPR: History Department |agency=National Public Radio}}</ref>
Modern May Day ceremonies in the U.S. vary greatly from region to region and many unite both the holiday's "Green Root" (pagan) and "Red Root" (labour) traditions.<ref>Sheehy, Colleen J. (Ed., 1999). ''Theatre of Wonder: 25 Years in the Heart of the Beast''. Minneapolis: [[University of Minnesota Press]]. pp. 79–89.</ref>
[[File:Central City Park, May Day, 1876 - DPLA - 1f2832f8c9ab99a837643abc11d97118.jpeg|thumb|1876 May Day celebration at Central City Park, Macon, Georgia]]
May Day celebrations were common at women's colleges and academic institutions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a tradition that continues at [[Bryn Mawr College]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/activities/traditions.shtml |title=Traditions |website=Bryn Mawr College |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> and [[Brenau University]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrison |first=David |url=https://www.brenau.edu/news/may-day-reunion-weekend-festivities-draw-more-than-300-to-brenau-campus/ |title="May Day" reunion weekend festivities draw more than 300 to Brenau campus |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=1 May 2017 |publisher=Brenau University}}</ref> to this day.
In [[Minneapolis]], the May Day Parade and Festival is presented annually by [[In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre]] on the first Sunday in May, and draws around 50,000 people to [[Powderhorn Park, Minneapolis|Powderhorn Park]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hobt.org/mayday/ |title=MayDay · In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre |work=In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre |access-date=8 May 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 1 May itself, local Morris Dance sides converge on an overlook of the Mississippi River at dawn, and then spend the remainder of the day dancing around the metro area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/05/01/minnesota-sounds-and-voices-morris-dancers |title=Minnesota Sounds and Voices: Morris Dancers welcome spring in a centuries-old tradition |last=Olson |first=Dan |website=www.mprnews.org |access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref>
'''Hawaii'''
In [[Hawaii]], May Day is also known as [[Lei (garland)|Lei]] Day, and it is normally set aside as a day to celebrate island culture in general and the [[culture of the Native Hawaiians]] in particular.<ref name="May Day is Lei Day">{{Cite web |url=http://www.flowerleis.com/info/may-day-is-lei-day/ |title=May Day is Lei Day |publisher=Flowerleis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629193412/http://www.flowerleis.com/info/may-day-is-lei-day/ |archive-date=29 June 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Invented by poet and local newspaper columnist [[Don Blanding]], the first Lei Day was celebrated on 1 May 1927 in [[Honolulu]]. Leonard "Red" and Ruth Hawk composed "[[May Day is Lei Day in Hawaii|May Day Is Lei Day in Hawai'i]]," the traditional holiday song.<ref name="A History of Lei Day">{{Cite web |url=http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/parks/programs/leiday/history.pdf |title=A History of Lei Day |publisher=City and Council of Honolulu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325202214/http://www.co.honolulu.hi.us/parks/programs/leiday/history.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{portal|Holidays}}
* [[Flores de Mayo]], a similar holiday celebrated throughout the month of May in the Philippines
* [[Beltane]], the Gaelic May Day festival
* [[Fiesta de las Cruces]], a holiday celebrated 3 May in many parts of Spain and Hispanic America
* [[List of films set around May Day]]
* [[List of occasions known by their dates]]
* [[May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
* [[Maypole]]
* [[May Queen]]
* [[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano]], a holiday celebrated on the 5th day of the 5th lunar month in [[Korea]]
== External links ==
{{Commons category|May Day}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientlights.org/morton.html |title=Meet Thomas Morton of Merrymount |quote=Extensive visual, textual and musical studies of American May Day customs since the first Maypole Revels were held at the Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount plantation on Massachusetts Bay in May 1627, hosted by Englishman Thomas Morton; and, last year the state of Massachusetts' Governor Deval Patrick proclaimed May 1 as Thomas Morton Day}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson_planning_articles/social_studies_lesson_plans/29_April_2010/404/may_day_activities |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103235323/http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson_planning_articles/social_studies_lesson_plans/29_April_2010/404/may_day_activities |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=May Day classroom resources}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=17172 |title=Children Maypole Dancing – Archive Footage}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.kaahelehawaii.com |title=Website with information on modern Hawaiian Lei Day celebration with information on the lei as a traditional Hawaiian cultural art}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://piereligion.org/mayday.html |title=Traditional May Day Songs with references}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://rgoldman.org/morris/mayday/2016 |title=Dancing up the Sun – May Day Morris Dancing celebrations in North America}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.theholidayspot.com/mayday/customs.htm |title=May Day Customs and Celebrations}}
== 概要 ==
