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{{Commonscat|Maia (mythology)}}
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'''マイア'''（'''Μαῖα'''、Maia）は、ギリシア神話またはローマ神話の女神。'''マイヤ'''とも。ギリシア神話のマイアとローマ神話のマイアは本来無関係だったが、後に混同されるようになった。
'''Maia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|eɪ|.|ə}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: Μαῖα; also spelled '''Maie''', {{lang|grc|Μαίη}}; {{lang-la|Maia}}),<ref>The alternate spelling ''Maja'' represents the [[wiktionary:intervocalic|intervocalic]] ''i'' as ''j'', pronounced similarly to an initial ''y'' in English; hence Latin ''maior'', "greater," in English became "major."</ref> in [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], is one of the [[Pleiades (Greek mythology)|Pleiades]] and the mother of [[Hermes]], one of the [[Twelve Olympians|major Greek gods]], by [[Zeus]], the king of Olympus.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 14.435; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.10.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=:chapter=&highlight=Maia 3.10.2]; [[Horace]], ''Odes'' 1.10.1 & 2.42 ff.; [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], 219</ref>
== Family ==
Maia is the daughter of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>The alternate spelling ''Maja'' represents the [[wikt:intervocalic|intervocalic]] ''i'' as ''j'', pronounced similarly to an initial ''y'' in English; hence Latin ''maior'', "greater," in English became "major."</ref> and [[Pleione (mythology)|Pleione]] the [[Oceanid]],<ref name=":0">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 938</ref> and is the oldest of the seven Pleiades.<ref name=":1">[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.10.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=:chapter=&highlight=Maia 3.10.1]</ref> They were born on Mount [[Mount Kyllini|Cyllene]] in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]],<ref name=":0" /> and are sometimes called mountain [[Nymph|nymphs]], ''[[Oread|oreads]]''; [[Simonides of Ceos]] sang of "mountain Maia" ''(Maiados oureias)'' "of the lovely black eyes."<ref name=":1" /> Because they were daughters of Atlas, they were also called the Atlantides.<ref>[[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]], fr. 555</ref>
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
== Mythology ==
[[File:Cup Mercury Maia CdM.jpg|thumb|Mercury and Maia<ref>Although the identification of Mercury is secure, based on the presence of the [[caduceus]], the one-shouldered garment called the ''[[chlamys]]'', and his winged head, the female figure has been identified variously. The cup is part of the [[Berthouville Treasure]], found within a [[Gallo-Roman religion|Gallo-Roman]] temple precinct; see Lise Vogel, ''The Column of Antoninus Pius'', Loeb Classical Library Monograph (Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 79 f., and Martin Henig, ''Religion in Roman Britain'', Taylor & Francis, 1984, 2005, p. 119 f. In [[Gaul]], Mercury's regular consort is one of the Celtic goddesses, usually [[Rosmerta]]. The [[Rosmerta#Etymology|etymology of Rosmerta's name]] as "Great Provider" suggests a theology compatible with that of Maia "the Great". The consort on the cup has also been identified as [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] by M. Chabouillet, ''Catalogue général et raisonné des camées et pierres gravées de la Bibliothéque Impériale'', Paris 1858, p. 449. Maia is suggested by the concomitant discovery of a silver bust, not always considered part of the hoard proper but more securely identified as Maia and connected to Rosmerta; see E. Babelon, ''Revue archéologique'' 24 (1914), pp. 182–190, as summarized in ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 19 (1915), p. 485.</ref> inside a silver cup dedicated by the freedman P. Aelius Eutychus (late 2nd century AD), from a [[Gallo-Roman religion|Gallo-Roman]] religious site|left]]
=== Birth of Hermes ===
According to the [[Homeric hymn|Homeric ''Hymn to Hermes'']], Zeus, in the dead of night, secretly made love to Maia,<ref>''[[Homeric Hymns]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D4 4.5]</ref> who avoided the company of the gods, in a cave of Cyllene. She became pregnant with [[Hermes]]. After giving birth to the baby, Maia wrapped him in blankets and went to sleep. The rapidly maturing infant Hermes crawled away to [[Thessaly]], where by nightfall of his first day he stole some of his half-brother [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]]'s cattle and invented the [[lyre]] from a tortoise shell. Maia refused to believe Apollo when he claimed that Hermes was the thief, and Zeus then sided with Apollo. Finally, Apollo exchanged the cattle for the lyre, which became one of his identifying attributes.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.10.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=:chapter=&highlight=Maia 3.10.2]</ref>
Although the ''Homeric Hymn'' has Maia as Hermes' caretaker and guardian, in [[Sophocles]]'s now lost [[satyr play]] ''[[Ichneutae]]'', Maia entrusted the infant Hermes to [[Cyllene (nymph)|Cyllene]] (the local mountain goddess) to nurse and raise, and thus it is her that the satyrs and Apollo confront when looking for the god's missing cattle.<ref>{{cite book | title = A Companion to Sophocles | first1 = Kirk | last1 = Ormand | publisher = Wiley Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-119-02553-5 | date = 2012 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 163]}}</ref>
=== As nurturer ===
Maia also raised the infant [[Arcas]], the child of [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]] with Zeus. Wronged by the love affair, Zeus' wife [[Hera]] in a jealous rage had transformed Callisto into a bear.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.8.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=:chapter=&highlight=Maia 3.8.2]</ref> Arcas is the [[eponym]] of [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], where Maia was born.<ref name=":0" /> The story of Callisto and Arcas, like that of the Pleiades, is an ''[[aition]]'' for a stellar formation, the constellations [[Ursa Major]] and [[Ursa Minor]], the Great and Little Bear.
Her name is related to μαῖα (''maia''), an honorific term for older women related to μήτηρ (''mētēr'') 'mother',{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} also meaning "[[midwife]]" in Greek.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nutton|first=Vivian|title=Ancient Medicine|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9780415086110|location=London|pages=101}}</ref>
== Roman Maia ==
[[File:Bartholomäus Spranger 011.jpg|thumb|''Vulcan and Maia'' (1585) by [[Bartholomäus Spranger]]|left]]
In [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]] and [[Roman mythology|myth]], Maia embodied the concept of growth,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Turcan|first=Robert|title=The Gods of Ancient Rome - Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=9780415929745|location=London|pages=70}}</ref> as her name was thought to be related to the [[comparative adjective]] ''maius, maior'' "larger, greater". Originally, she may have been a [[homonym]] independent of the Greek Maia, whose myths she absorbed through the [[Hellenization]] of [[Latin literature]] and [[Culture of ancient Rome|culture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grimal|first=Pierre|title=The Dictionary of Classical Mythology|publisher=Blackwell|year=1996|pages=270}}</ref>
In an archaic Roman prayer,<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], ''Attic Nights'' [https://topostext.org/work/208#13.23 13.10.2]</ref> Maia appears as an attribute of [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]], in an [[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#invocatio|invocational]] list of male deities paired with female abstractions representing some aspect of their functionality. She was explicitly identified with Earth (''[[Terra (mythology)|Terra]]'', the [[interpretatio graeca|Roman counterpart]] of Gaia) and the Good Goddess (''[[Bona Dea]]'') in at least one tradition.<ref>By [[Cornelius Labeo]], as recorded by [[Macrobius]], ''Saturnalia'' 1.12.20</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Brouwer|first=H.H.J.|title=Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult|publisher=Brill|year=1989|isbn=9789004295773|pages=232, 354}}</ref> Her identity became theologically intertwined also with the goddesses [[Faunus|Fauna]], [[Ops]], [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], [[Cardea|Carna]], and the [[Magna Mater]] ("Great Goddess", referring to the Roman form of Cybele but also a cult title for Maia), as discussed at some length by the [[late antiquity|late]] [[antiquarian]] writer [[Macrobius]].<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.12.16–33</ref> This treatment was probably influenced by the 1st-century BC scholar [[Varro]], who tended to resolve a great number of goddesses into one original "Terra".<ref name=":3" /> The association with Juno, whose [[Etruscan religion|Etruscan]] counterpart was [[Uni (mythology)|Uni]], is suggested again by the inscription ''Uni Mae'' on the [[Piacenza Liver]].<ref>In Mario Torelli's diagram of this [[haruspice|haruspicial]] object, the names ''Uni'' and ''Mae'' appear together in a cell on the edge of the liver; see Nancy Thompson de Grummond, ''Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend'', University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 2006, p. 44 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=TVAtdzbV-yIC&dq=piacenza+liver+uni+etruscan&q=%22uni%2Fmae%3B5%22#v=snippet&q=%22uni%2Fmae%3B5%22&f=false online]).</ref>
The month of May (Latin ''Maius'') was named for Maia,<ref>{{Cite web| title = What's in a name? Months of the year| author = British Museum| date = 29 December 2017| access-date = 8 May 2022| url = https://blog.britishmuseum.org/whats-in-a-name-months-of-the-year/}}</ref> though ancient etymologists also connected it to the ''maiores'' "ancestors", again from the adjective ''maius, maior'', meaning those who are "greater" in terms of generational precedence.{{cn|date=May 2022}} On the first day of May, the [[Lares|Lares Praestites]] were honored as [[tutelary deity|protectors of the city]],<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' 5.73; Turcan, ''The Gods of Ancient Rome'', p. 70.</ref> and the [[flamen]] of Vulcan sacrificed a pregnant sow to Maia, a customary offering to an earth goddess<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.12.20; [[Juvenal]], ''Satires'' 2.86; [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]], 68</ref> that reiterates the link between Vulcan and Maia in the archaic prayer formula. In [[Roman mythology|Roman myth]], [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] (Hermes), the son of Maia, was the father of the twin Lares, a genealogy that sheds light on the collocation of ceremonies on the [[Kalends]] of May.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiseman|first=Timothy Peter|title=Remus: A Roman Myth|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780521483667|pages=71}}</ref> On May 15, the [[Ides (calendar)|Ides]], Mercury was honored as a patron of merchants and increaser of profit (through an etymological connection with ''merx, merces'', "goods, merchandise"), another possible connection with Maia his mother as a goddess who promoted growth.<ref name=":2" />
== See also ==
* [[66 Maja]], asteroid
== References ==
*[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''The Library'' with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''The Library of History'' translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site]
*Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Fasti'' translated by James G. Frazer. [https://topostext.org/work/143 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Fasti.'' Sir James George Frazer. London; Cambridge, MA. William Heinemann Ltd.; Harvard University Press. 1933. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0547 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D2 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0137 Greek text available from the same website].
== ギリシア神話 ==
* ヘシオドス『神統記』廣川洋一訳、岩波文庫（1984年）
* ホメーロス『ホメーロスの諸神讃歌』沓掛良彦訳、ちくま学芸文庫（2004年）
* 『四つのギリシャ神話 ホメーロス風讃歌より』ホメーロス風讃歌より』逸身喜一郎・片山英男訳、岩波文庫（1985年）* 高津春繁『ギリシア・ローマ神話辞典』、岩波書店（1960年）* Grimal, Pierre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology''], Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [逸身喜一郎https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Maia&f=false "Maia" p. 270]]・片山英男訳、岩波文庫（1985年）* 高津春繁『ギリシア・ローマ神話辞典』、Harry Thurston Peck, ''Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities,'' 1898* [[岩波書店William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]（1960年）; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dmaia-bio-1 "Maia"]* ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911.{{Commonscat}}{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
== 関連項目 ==
* [[ヘルメース]]
* [[アトラース]]
* [[ヨーロッパの五月祭]]
* [[マリヤ]]
* [[Bona Dea]]
* [[Maia (star)]]
* Sol Invictus
* ルペルカーリア祭
== 参照 ==
