差分

'''テウタテス''' ('''Teutates'''または'''Toutatis''') は、ケルト人に信奉されていた神<ref name="Maier">Bernhard Maier, Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture, 1997, Boydell & Brewer, page263-264, isbn:9780851156606, Teutates (later form: Toutates). Name of a <u>Celtic god</u> [...] T. is mentioned by the Roman authors Lucan (Pharsalia 1,444-446) and Lactantius (Divinae Institutiones 1,21,3). According to Lucan the <u>Gauls</u> made human sacrifices to him. The Berne Scholia, commenting on Lucan, add that the victims were put head-first in a tub full of water and thus drowned... , https://books.google.com/books?id=7AvdTqwucfwC&dq=Teutates&pg=PA263</ref><ref name="Aldhouse">Miranda Aldhouse-Green, The Gods of the Celts, 1986, Sutton Publishing, page110, isbn:9780752468112, What the Romans may have met in <u>Celtic</u> lands are tribal protector-gods with a war-role. In this connection Lucan's comment on Teutates, who was one of three <u>Celtic gods</u> said to have been encountered by Caesar's army in Gaul, may be relevant..., https://books.google.com/books?id=vSg7AwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Gods+of+the+Celts+Teutates&pg=PT84}}</ref><ref name="Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe, The Ancient Celts, 2018, 1997, Oxford University Press, page275, 2nd, Chapter 11: Religious systems, isbn:978-0-19-875292-9 , Lucan, who, in Pharsalia, names three <u>Celtic deities, Teutates,</u> Taranis, and Esus. All were propitiated by human sacrifice: the victims of Teutates were to be drowned, those of Taranis burnt, and those sacrificed to Esus hanged. The <u>Celtic names</u> are informative. Teutates means 'the god of the tribe' from the <u>Celtic</u> teutā 'tribe'..., https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Teutates&pg=PA275</ref><ref>Euskirchen Marion, Teutates, 2006, Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, Brill Publishers, https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e1205840 , doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1205840, <u>Celtic god</u>, who, along with Esus and Taranis (according to Lucanus 1,443-446), was allegedly worshipped by human sacrifice.</ref>で、主に古代ガリアとブリテンで崇拝された（後述）<ref name="Koch">John T. Koch, Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, 2006, ABC-CLIO, page1665, Teutates (also Toutatis, Tūtuates, Tūtatus, Toutorix), Taranis, and Esus form Lucan's trinity of <u>Gaulish gods</u> (Pharsalia 1.444–6) to which <u>Gauls</u> near Massalia sacrificed their prisoners of war. The name Teutates occurs alone or as a secondary theonym in combination with Mars, Apollo (see Belenos), and Mercurius in texts and inscriptions, including sites now in Austria, England, France, Germany, and Italy...</ref>。テウタテスの名前は「部族の神」を意味し<ref name="Cunliffe"/>、部族の守護神として広く解釈されてきた<ref name="Aldhouse"/><ref name="Duval">Paul-Marie Duval (1993). ''Les dieux de la Gaule.'' Éditions Payot, Paris., ISBN:2-228-88621-1</ref>。ローマの作家ルカヌスによれば、ガリア人はテウタテスに人身御供を捧げたという<ref name="Maier"/>。ルカヌスの『内乱』やラクタンティウスの『神的教理』で名前が言及されており、またカエサルが『ガリア戦記』内で言及したガリアの神の中の一柱だとされる。テウタテスに献じられた石碑なども多く発見されており、その広い信仰を示している。言語学や考古学による研究からテウタテスは部族の神であり、また戦争の神でもあったとされる。

''Toutatis'' (pronounced {{IPA-cel|towˈtaːtis|}} in [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]])<ref name="Lambert">Pierre-Yves Lambert (2003). ''La langue gauloise.'' Éditions Errance, Paris.</ref> and its variants ''Toutates'',<ref name="Maier"/> ''Teutates'', ''Tūtatus'' and ''Toutorīx'',<ref name="Koch"/> comes from the Gaulish Celtic root ''toutā'', meaning 'tribe' or 'people' (compare [[Old Irish]] ''tuath'' and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''tud'').<ref name="Koch"/> A literal meaning would thus be "god of the tribe".<ref name="Cunliffe"/> A similar phrase is found in [[Irish mythology]], which mentions the [[oath]] formula ''tongu do dia tongas mo thuath'', roughly "I swear by the god by whom my tribe swears".<ref name="Koch"/> [[Bernhard Maier]] proposes that his name derives from an older *''teuto-tatis'', with the meaning 'father of the tribe', although he notes that this etymology is uncertain.<ref name="Maier"/>