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ページの作成:「'''Ningishzida''' (Sumerian: {{cuneiform|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕}} <sup>D</sup>NIN-G̃IŠ-ZID-DA, possible meaning "Lord [of the] Good Tree") was a List…」
'''Ningishzida''' ([[Sumerian]]: {{cuneiform|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕}} <sup>[[dingir|D]]</sup>NIN-G̃IŠ-ZID-DA, possible meaning "Lord [of the] Good Tree") was a [[List of Mesopotamian deities|Mesopotamian deity]] of [[vegetation]], the [[Ancient Mesopotamian underworld|underworld]] and sometimes war. He was commonly associated with snakes. Like [[Dumuzi]], he was believed to spend a part of the year in the land of the dead. He also shared many of his functions with his father [[Ninazu]].
In myths he usually appears in an underworld setting, though in the myth of [[Adapa]] he is instead described as one of the doorkeepers of the sky god Anu.
== Name ==
[[Thorkild Jacobsen]] proposed that the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] name ''Ningishzida'' can be explained as "lord of the good tree." This translation is still accepted by other Assyriologists today.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=253}} Various syllabic spellings are known, including ''<sup>[[dingir|d]]</sup>Ni-gi-si-da'', ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-nigi-si-da'', ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-ki-zi-da'' and ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-gi-iz-zi-da''.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}
While "[[NIN (cuneiform)|nin]]" can be translated as "lady" in some contexts, it was grammatically neutral in Sumerian and can be found in the names of many deities, both male (Ningishzida, [[Ninazu]], [[Ninurta]], etc.) and female ([[Ninlil]], [[Ninkasi]] etc.).{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|pp=6-7}}
Ningishzida could also be called Gishbanda ("little tree").{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
== Functions==
Ningishzida's titles connect him to plants and agriculture.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} He was frequently mentioned in connection with grass, which he was believed to provide for domestic animals.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|pp=369-370}} The death of vegetation was associated with his annual travel to the underworld.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} The "tree" in his name might be [[Vitis|vine]] according to some Assyriologists, including [[Wilfred G. Lambert]], and an association between him and alcoholic beverages (specifically [[wine]]) is well attested, for example one text mentions him alongside the beer goddess [[Ninkasi]], while one of his titles was "lord of the innkeepers."{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}}
Like his father Ninazu, he was also associated with snakes, including the mythical [[mushussu]], [[ushumgal]] and [[bashmu]] and in one case [[Nirah]].{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} He was also an underworld god, and in this role was known as the "chair bearer (or chamberlain) of the underworld."{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}} Frans Wiggermann on the basis of these similarities considers him and his father to be members of the group of "[[Tigris|Transtigridian]] snake gods," who according to him shared a connection with the underworld, justice, vegetation and snakes.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|pp=47-48}} A further similarity between Ningishzida and his father was his occasional role as a warrior god, associated with victory (and as a result with the goddess [[Irnina]], the personification of it).{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}} However, not all of their functions overlapped, as unlike Ninazu, Ningishzida never appears in the role of a divine healer.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
According to Frans Wiggermann, Ningishzida's diverse functions can be considered different aspects of his perception as a "reliable god," well attested in Mesopotamian texts.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}}
The constellation [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] could serve as his symbol, though it was also associated with Ishtaran and Ereshkigal.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=256-257}}
== Worship ==
The worship of Ningishzida is attested for the first time in the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic III period]].{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}} His main cult center was Gishbanda,{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=253}} likely a rural settlement{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|p=40}} located somewhere between [[Lagash]] and [[Ur]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=253-254}} His main temple was known simply as E-Gishbanda,{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}} "house of Gishbanda," and it was commonly listed alongside the main temple of his father Ninazu, E-Gidda.{{sfn|George|1993|p=95}}
He also had a temple in Lagash, the E-badbarra, "house, outer wall."{{sfn|George|1993|p=71}} Yet another one was built in Girsu by Gudea, though its name is unknown.{{sfn|George|1993|p=168}} This ruler considered him to be his personal god.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=258-259}} In one of his inscriptions, Ningishzida is named a participant in a festival celebrating the marriage between [[Ninurta|Ningirsu]] and [[Bau (goddess)|Bau]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}} In another, he is credited with helping Gudea with building new temples.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=262-263}} In a later incantation which served as a part of temple renovation rituals, referred to as ''The First Brick'' by Wilfred G. Lambert,{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=376}} Ningishzida is mentioned in a similar context alongside many other deities, such as [[Lisin]], Gukishbanda, [[Kulla (god)|Kulla]], [[Lahar (god)|Lahar]] and Ninshar.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=381}}
In Ur he was worshiped in the temple E-niggina, "house of truth," known from an inscription of [[Sin-Iqisham]] stating it was rebuilt during his reign.{{sfn|George|1993|p=132}} He is attested in offering lists from that city from the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods, sometimes alongside Ningubalaga.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=171}} In later sources, up to the reign of the Persian emperor [[Darius the Great|Darius I]], he sometimes appears in [[Theophoric name|theophoric names]], likely due to association with Ninazu, who retained a degree of relevance in the local pantheon.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|pp=170-172}} Much like in the case of his father, some of them used the dialectical Emesal form of his name, Umun-muzida.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=172}} It is presumed that the cause of this was the role lamentation priests, who traditionally memorized Emesal compositions, played in the preservation of cults of underworld gods in Ur.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=170}}
As early as in the Ur III period Ningishzida was introduced to [[Uruk]].{{sfn|Beaulieu|2003|p=345}} He was also present in Kamada, possibly located nearby, as attested in documents from the reign of [[Sîn-kāšid|Sin-kashid]].{{sfn|Beaulieu|2003|p=345}} During the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I he was worshiped in a chapel in the Eanna complex, originally built during the reign of Old Babylonian king Anam.{{sfn|George|1993|p=168}}
He continued to appear in theophoric names from [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|neo-Assyrian]], [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|neo-Babylonian]] and [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] Uruk, though only uncommonly.{{sfn|Krul|2018|p=356}}
Ningishzida was also worshiped in [[Isin]], which was primarily the cult center of the medicine goddess [[Ninisina]], but had multiple houses of worship dedicated to underworld deities as well, with the other examples being [[Nergal]], [[Ugur (god)|Ugur]], and an otherwise unknown most likely chthonic goddess Lakupittu who according to [[Andrew R. George]] was likely the tutelary deity of [[Lagaba]] near Kutha.{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}}
Further locations where he was worshiped include [[Umma]], [[Larsa]], [[Kuara (Sumer)|Kuara]], [[Nippur]], [[Babylon]], [[Eshnunna]] and [[Kisurra]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} From most of them evidence is only available from the Ur III or Old Babylonian periods, though in Babylon he still had a small cult site in [[Esagila|Esagil]] in the neo-Babylonian period.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} A single object inscribed with a dedication to Ningishzida is also known from [[Susa]], though it might have been brought there as booty from some Mesopotamian polity.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}}
==Associations with other deities==
Ningishzida was the son of Ninazu and his wife Ningiridda.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}} One of the only references to goddesses breastfeeding in Mesopotamian literature is a description of [[Ningirida]] and her son.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=144}} His sisters were Amashilama and Labarshilama.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}}
References to Ningishzida as a "scion" of [[Anu (god)|Anu]] are probably meant to indicate the belief in a line consisting out of Anu, [[Enlil]], Ninazu and finally Ningishzida, rather than the existence of an alternate tradition where he was the son of the sky god.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}
Multiple traditions existed regarding the identity of Ningishzida's wife, with the god list ''[[An = Anum]]'' listing two, [[Azimua]] (elsewhere also called Ninazimua{{sfn|Krul|2018|p=357}}) and Ekurritum (not attested in such a role anywhere else{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}), while other sources favor [[Geshtinanna]], identified with [[Belet-Seri]].{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}} However, Azimua shared Gesthinanna's role as an underworld scribe,{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}and her name could also function as a title of Geshtinanna, attested in contexts where she was identified as Ningishzida's wife.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=389}} At the same time, Belet-Seri could also function as an epithet of [[Ashratum]], the wife of [[Amurru (god)|Amurru]], or of her Sumerian counterpart Gubarra, in at least one case leading to conflation of Amurru and Ningishzida and to an association between the former and Azimua and Ekurritum.{{sfn|George|1993|pp=37-38}} In one case Ekurritum was simply identified as an alternate name of Ashratum as well.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} The tradition in which Gesthinanna was Ningishzida's wife had its origin in Lagash, and in seals from that city she is sometimes depicted alongside a mushussu, symbol of her husband, to indicate they're a couple.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|pp=206-207}} One inscription of Gudea refers to her as Ningishzida's "beloved wife."{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=388}}
Ningishzida's [[sukkal]] was [[Alla (Mesopotamian god)|Alla]],{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} a minor underworld god,{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=223}} depicted as a bald beardess man, without the horned crown associated with divinity.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} Wilfred G. Lambert notes that he was most likely another [[Dumuzi]]-like deity whose temporary death was described in laments.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|pp=223-224}} He is also attested in lists of so-called "seven conquered Enlils,"{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=212}} deities associated with [[Enmesharra]].{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=216}} Another deity also identified as Ningishzida's sukkal was Ipahum or Ippu, a [[Viperidae|viper]] god, also known as the sukkal of his father Ninazu.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} Other deities who belonged to his court include Gishbandagirizal, Lugalsaparku, Lugalshude, Namengarshudu, Usheg{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} and Irnina.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
Ningishzida could be associated with Dumuzi, on account of their shared character as dying gods of vegetation.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|pp=41-42}} A lamentation text known as "In the Desert by the Early Grass" lists both of them among the mourned deities.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} The absence of both of them was believed to take place each year between mid-summer and mid-winter.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|p=41}} The association is also present in astrological treatises.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}} Some lamentations go as far as regarding Ningishzida and Dumuzi as one and the same.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=388}} As dwellers of the underworld, both of them could be on occasion associated with [[Gilgamesh]] as well.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=127-128}}
Another temporarily dying god Ningishzida could be associated with was [[Damu]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=254-255}}
In some inscriptions of Gudea, Ningishzida was associated with Ningirsu, with one of them mentioning that he was tasked with delivering gifts for the latter's wife Bau.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}} Such a role was customarily associated with trusted associates and close friends in ancient Mesopotamian culture, indicating that despite originally being unrelated, these two gods were envisioned as close to each other by Gudea.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}}
==Mythology==
In the Middle Babylonian myth of [[Adapa]], Ningishzida is one of the two doorkeepers of Anu's celestial palace, alongside Dumuzi.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} This myth appears to indicate that these two gods are present in heaven rather than underworld when they are dead, even though other Sumerian and Akkadian myths describe Ningishzida's journey to the underworld.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} Little is known about the circumstances of his annual return, though one text indicates an unidentified son of [[Ereshkigal]] was responsible for ordering it.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}}
A reference to Ningishzida is present in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.{{sfn|George|2003|p=127}} The eponymous hero's mother [[Ninsun]] mentions to [[Shamash]] that she is aware her son is destined to "dwell in the land of no return" with him.{{sfn|George|2003|p=127}} In another Gilgamesh myth, ''Death of Gilgamesh'', the hero is promised a position in the underworld equal to that of Ningishzida.{{sfn|George|2003|p=128}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Serpent god Ningishzida on the libation vase of Gudea, circa 2100 BCE.jpg|Ningishzida on the libation vase of [[Gudea]], circa 2100 BCE
File:Girsu Gudea libation vase.jpg|The "libation vase of [[Gudea]]" with the dragon [[Mušḫuššu]], dedicated to Ningishzida, circa 2100 BCE ([[short chronology]]). The [[caduceus]]-like symbol (right) is interpreted as a representation of the god himself. Inscription: "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, [[Ensí|Ensi]] (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this"
File:Name of God Ningishzida on an inscription on a statue of Lagash ruler Ur-Ningirsu.jpg|The name Ningishzida inscribed on a statue of [[Ur-Ningirsu]].
File:Seal of Gudea, led by Ningishzida.jpg|Seal of [[Gudea]] depicting him being led by Ningishzida (figure with snakes emerging from his shoulders)
File:Detail, headless statue dedicated to the Sumerian deity Ningishzida, 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg|Detail, headless statue dedicated to Ningishzida, 2600-2370 BCE. [[Iraq Museum]].
</gallery>
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first1=Julia M.|last1=Asher-Greve|first2=Joan G.|last2=Westenholz |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf|title=Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7278-1738-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaulieu|first=Paul-Alain|title=The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period|publisher=Brill STYX|publication-place=Leiden Boston|year=2003|isbn=978-90-04-13024-1|oclc=51944564}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaulieu|first=Paul-Alain|title=Individuals and Institutions in the Ancient Near East|chapter=Remarks on Theophoric Names in the Late Babylonian Archives from Ur|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2021|doi=10.1515/9781501514661-006}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake|year=1993|isbn=0-931464-80-3|oclc=27813103}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/1603/|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford, New York|year=2003|isbn=0-19-814922-0|oclc=51668477}}
*{{cite book|last=Krul|first=Julia|title=Grenzüberschreitungen Studien zur Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients: Festschrift für Hans Neumann zum 65. Geburtstag am 9. Mai 2018|chapter=Some Observations on Late Urukean Theophoric Names|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36775745|publisher=Zaphon|publication-place=Münster|year=2018|isbn=3-96327-010-1|oclc=1038056453}}
*{{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Wilfred G.|title=Babylonian creation myths|chapter=|chapter-url=|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake, Indiana|year=2013|isbn=978-1-57506-861-9|oclc=861537250}}
*{{cite book|last=Vacín|first=Luděk|title=U<sub>4</sub> du<sub>11</sub>-ga-ni sá mu-ni-ib-du<sub>11</sub>: ancient Near Eastern studies in memory of Blahoslav Hruška|chapter=Gudea and Ninĝišzida: A Ruler and His God|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/1037473|publisher=Islet|publication-place=Dresden|year=2011|isbn=978-3-9808466-6-0|oclc=761844864}}
*{{cite book|last=Wiggermann|first=Frans A. M.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/540407|chapter=Transtigridian Snake Gods|editor1-first=I. L.|editor1-last=Finkel|editor2-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Geller|title=Sumerian Gods and their Representations|year=1997|isbn=978-90-56-93005-9 }}
*{{citation|last=Wiggermann|first=Frans A. M.|entry=Nin-ĝišzida|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8687| year=1998|access-date=2022-03-20}}
== External links ==
*[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ningizida/ Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ningišzida (god)]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.4.19*# ETCSLsubcorpus: balbales and hymns to Ninĝišzida]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:にんきしつた}}
[[Category:メソポタミア神話]]
[[Category:男龍蛇]]
[[Category:冥界神]]
[[Category:ng系]]
In myths he usually appears in an underworld setting, though in the myth of [[Adapa]] he is instead described as one of the doorkeepers of the sky god Anu.
== Name ==
[[Thorkild Jacobsen]] proposed that the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] name ''Ningishzida'' can be explained as "lord of the good tree." This translation is still accepted by other Assyriologists today.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=253}} Various syllabic spellings are known, including ''<sup>[[dingir|d]]</sup>Ni-gi-si-da'', ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-nigi-si-da'', ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-ki-zi-da'' and ''<sup>d</sup>Nin-gi-iz-zi-da''.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}
While "[[NIN (cuneiform)|nin]]" can be translated as "lady" in some contexts, it was grammatically neutral in Sumerian and can be found in the names of many deities, both male (Ningishzida, [[Ninazu]], [[Ninurta]], etc.) and female ([[Ninlil]], [[Ninkasi]] etc.).{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|pp=6-7}}
Ningishzida could also be called Gishbanda ("little tree").{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
== Functions==
Ningishzida's titles connect him to plants and agriculture.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} He was frequently mentioned in connection with grass, which he was believed to provide for domestic animals.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|pp=369-370}} The death of vegetation was associated with his annual travel to the underworld.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} The "tree" in his name might be [[Vitis|vine]] according to some Assyriologists, including [[Wilfred G. Lambert]], and an association between him and alcoholic beverages (specifically [[wine]]) is well attested, for example one text mentions him alongside the beer goddess [[Ninkasi]], while one of his titles was "lord of the innkeepers."{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}}
Like his father Ninazu, he was also associated with snakes, including the mythical [[mushussu]], [[ushumgal]] and [[bashmu]] and in one case [[Nirah]].{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} He was also an underworld god, and in this role was known as the "chair bearer (or chamberlain) of the underworld."{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}} Frans Wiggermann on the basis of these similarities considers him and his father to be members of the group of "[[Tigris|Transtigridian]] snake gods," who according to him shared a connection with the underworld, justice, vegetation and snakes.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|pp=47-48}} A further similarity between Ningishzida and his father was his occasional role as a warrior god, associated with victory (and as a result with the goddess [[Irnina]], the personification of it).{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}} However, not all of their functions overlapped, as unlike Ninazu, Ningishzida never appears in the role of a divine healer.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
According to Frans Wiggermann, Ningishzida's diverse functions can be considered different aspects of his perception as a "reliable god," well attested in Mesopotamian texts.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=371}}
The constellation [[Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]] could serve as his symbol, though it was also associated with Ishtaran and Ereshkigal.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=256-257}}
== Worship ==
The worship of Ningishzida is attested for the first time in the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic III period]].{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}} His main cult center was Gishbanda,{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=253}} likely a rural settlement{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|p=40}} located somewhere between [[Lagash]] and [[Ur]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=253-254}} His main temple was known simply as E-Gishbanda,{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}} "house of Gishbanda," and it was commonly listed alongside the main temple of his father Ninazu, E-Gidda.{{sfn|George|1993|p=95}}
He also had a temple in Lagash, the E-badbarra, "house, outer wall."{{sfn|George|1993|p=71}} Yet another one was built in Girsu by Gudea, though its name is unknown.{{sfn|George|1993|p=168}} This ruler considered him to be his personal god.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=258-259}} In one of his inscriptions, Ningishzida is named a participant in a festival celebrating the marriage between [[Ninurta|Ningirsu]] and [[Bau (goddess)|Bau]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}} In another, he is credited with helping Gudea with building new temples.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=262-263}} In a later incantation which served as a part of temple renovation rituals, referred to as ''The First Brick'' by Wilfred G. Lambert,{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=376}} Ningishzida is mentioned in a similar context alongside many other deities, such as [[Lisin]], Gukishbanda, [[Kulla (god)|Kulla]], [[Lahar (god)|Lahar]] and Ninshar.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=381}}
In Ur he was worshiped in the temple E-niggina, "house of truth," known from an inscription of [[Sin-Iqisham]] stating it was rebuilt during his reign.{{sfn|George|1993|p=132}} He is attested in offering lists from that city from the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods, sometimes alongside Ningubalaga.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=171}} In later sources, up to the reign of the Persian emperor [[Darius the Great|Darius I]], he sometimes appears in [[Theophoric name|theophoric names]], likely due to association with Ninazu, who retained a degree of relevance in the local pantheon.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|pp=170-172}} Much like in the case of his father, some of them used the dialectical Emesal form of his name, Umun-muzida.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=172}} It is presumed that the cause of this was the role lamentation priests, who traditionally memorized Emesal compositions, played in the preservation of cults of underworld gods in Ur.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2021|p=170}}
As early as in the Ur III period Ningishzida was introduced to [[Uruk]].{{sfn|Beaulieu|2003|p=345}} He was also present in Kamada, possibly located nearby, as attested in documents from the reign of [[Sîn-kāšid|Sin-kashid]].{{sfn|Beaulieu|2003|p=345}} During the reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I he was worshiped in a chapel in the Eanna complex, originally built during the reign of Old Babylonian king Anam.{{sfn|George|1993|p=168}}
He continued to appear in theophoric names from [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|neo-Assyrian]], [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|neo-Babylonian]] and [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] Uruk, though only uncommonly.{{sfn|Krul|2018|p=356}}
Ningishzida was also worshiped in [[Isin]], which was primarily the cult center of the medicine goddess [[Ninisina]], but had multiple houses of worship dedicated to underworld deities as well, with the other examples being [[Nergal]], [[Ugur (god)|Ugur]], and an otherwise unknown most likely chthonic goddess Lakupittu who according to [[Andrew R. George]] was likely the tutelary deity of [[Lagaba]] near Kutha.{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}}
Further locations where he was worshiped include [[Umma]], [[Larsa]], [[Kuara (Sumer)|Kuara]], [[Nippur]], [[Babylon]], [[Eshnunna]] and [[Kisurra]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} From most of them evidence is only available from the Ur III or Old Babylonian periods, though in Babylon he still had a small cult site in [[Esagila|Esagil]] in the neo-Babylonian period.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} A single object inscribed with a dedication to Ningishzida is also known from [[Susa]], though it might have been brought there as booty from some Mesopotamian polity.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}}
==Associations with other deities==
Ningishzida was the son of Ninazu and his wife Ningiridda.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}} One of the only references to goddesses breastfeeding in Mesopotamian literature is a description of [[Ningirida]] and her son.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|p=144}} His sisters were Amashilama and Labarshilama.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}}
References to Ningishzida as a "scion" of [[Anu (god)|Anu]] are probably meant to indicate the belief in a line consisting out of Anu, [[Enlil]], Ninazu and finally Ningishzida, rather than the existence of an alternate tradition where he was the son of the sky god.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}
Multiple traditions existed regarding the identity of Ningishzida's wife, with the god list ''[[An = Anum]]'' listing two, [[Azimua]] (elsewhere also called Ninazimua{{sfn|Krul|2018|p=357}}) and Ekurritum (not attested in such a role anywhere else{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}), while other sources favor [[Geshtinanna]], identified with [[Belet-Seri]].{{sfn|George|1993|p=37}} However, Azimua shared Gesthinanna's role as an underworld scribe,{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=368}}and her name could also function as a title of Geshtinanna, attested in contexts where she was identified as Ningishzida's wife.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=389}} At the same time, Belet-Seri could also function as an epithet of [[Ashratum]], the wife of [[Amurru (god)|Amurru]], or of her Sumerian counterpart Gubarra, in at least one case leading to conflation of Amurru and Ningishzida and to an association between the former and Azimua and Ekurritum.{{sfn|George|1993|pp=37-38}} In one case Ekurritum was simply identified as an alternate name of Ashratum as well.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} The tradition in which Gesthinanna was Ningishzida's wife had its origin in Lagash, and in seals from that city she is sometimes depicted alongside a mushussu, symbol of her husband, to indicate they're a couple.{{sfn|Asher-Greve|Westenholz|2013|pp=206-207}} One inscription of Gudea refers to her as Ningishzida's "beloved wife."{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=388}}
Ningishzida's [[sukkal]] was [[Alla (Mesopotamian god)|Alla]],{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} a minor underworld god,{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=223}} depicted as a bald beardess man, without the horned crown associated with divinity.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} Wilfred G. Lambert notes that he was most likely another [[Dumuzi]]-like deity whose temporary death was described in laments.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|pp=223-224}} He is also attested in lists of so-called "seven conquered Enlils,"{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=212}} deities associated with [[Enmesharra]].{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=216}} Another deity also identified as Ningishzida's sukkal was Ipahum or Ippu, a [[Viperidae|viper]] god, also known as the sukkal of his father Ninazu.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}} Other deities who belonged to his court include Gishbandagirizal, Lugalsaparku, Lugalshude, Namengarshudu, Usheg{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=254}} and Irnina.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=369}}
Ningishzida could be associated with Dumuzi, on account of their shared character as dying gods of vegetation.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|pp=41-42}} A lamentation text known as "In the Desert by the Early Grass" lists both of them among the mourned deities.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} The absence of both of them was believed to take place each year between mid-summer and mid-winter.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1997|p=41}} The association is also present in astrological treatises.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=372}} Some lamentations go as far as regarding Ningishzida and Dumuzi as one and the same.{{sfn|Lambert|2013|p=388}} As dwellers of the underworld, both of them could be on occasion associated with [[Gilgamesh]] as well.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=127-128}}
Another temporarily dying god Ningishzida could be associated with was [[Damu]].{{sfn|Vacín|2011|pp=254-255}}
In some inscriptions of Gudea, Ningishzida was associated with Ningirsu, with one of them mentioning that he was tasked with delivering gifts for the latter's wife Bau.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}} Such a role was customarily associated with trusted associates and close friends in ancient Mesopotamian culture, indicating that despite originally being unrelated, these two gods were envisioned as close to each other by Gudea.{{sfn|Vacín|2011|p=261}}
==Mythology==
In the Middle Babylonian myth of [[Adapa]], Ningishzida is one of the two doorkeepers of Anu's celestial palace, alongside Dumuzi.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} This myth appears to indicate that these two gods are present in heaven rather than underworld when they are dead, even though other Sumerian and Akkadian myths describe Ningishzida's journey to the underworld.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}} Little is known about the circumstances of his annual return, though one text indicates an unidentified son of [[Ereshkigal]] was responsible for ordering it.{{sfn|Wiggermann|1998|p=370}}
A reference to Ningishzida is present in the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.{{sfn|George|2003|p=127}} The eponymous hero's mother [[Ninsun]] mentions to [[Shamash]] that she is aware her son is destined to "dwell in the land of no return" with him.{{sfn|George|2003|p=127}} In another Gilgamesh myth, ''Death of Gilgamesh'', the hero is promised a position in the underworld equal to that of Ningishzida.{{sfn|George|2003|p=128}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Serpent god Ningishzida on the libation vase of Gudea, circa 2100 BCE.jpg|Ningishzida on the libation vase of [[Gudea]], circa 2100 BCE
File:Girsu Gudea libation vase.jpg|The "libation vase of [[Gudea]]" with the dragon [[Mušḫuššu]], dedicated to Ningishzida, circa 2100 BCE ([[short chronology]]). The [[caduceus]]-like symbol (right) is interpreted as a representation of the god himself. Inscription: "To the god Ningiszida, his god, Gudea, [[Ensí|Ensi]] (governor) of Lagash, for the prolongation of his life, has dedicated this"
File:Name of God Ningishzida on an inscription on a statue of Lagash ruler Ur-Ningirsu.jpg|The name Ningishzida inscribed on a statue of [[Ur-Ningirsu]].
File:Seal of Gudea, led by Ningishzida.jpg|Seal of [[Gudea]] depicting him being led by Ningishzida (figure with snakes emerging from his shoulders)
File:Detail, headless statue dedicated to the Sumerian deity Ningishzida, 2600-2370 BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg|Detail, headless statue dedicated to Ningishzida, 2600-2370 BCE. [[Iraq Museum]].
</gallery>
===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first1=Julia M.|last1=Asher-Greve|first2=Joan G.|last2=Westenholz |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf|title=Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7278-1738-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaulieu|first=Paul-Alain|title=The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period|publisher=Brill STYX|publication-place=Leiden Boston|year=2003|isbn=978-90-04-13024-1|oclc=51944564}}
*{{cite book|last=Beaulieu|first=Paul-Alain|title=Individuals and Institutions in the Ancient Near East|chapter=Remarks on Theophoric Names in the Late Babylonian Archives from Ur|publisher=De Gruyter|date=2021|doi=10.1515/9781501514661-006}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake|year=1993|isbn=0-931464-80-3|oclc=27813103}}
*{{cite book|last=George|first=Andrew R.|title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/1603/|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=Oxford, New York|year=2003|isbn=0-19-814922-0|oclc=51668477}}
*{{cite book|last=Krul|first=Julia|title=Grenzüberschreitungen Studien zur Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients: Festschrift für Hans Neumann zum 65. Geburtstag am 9. Mai 2018|chapter=Some Observations on Late Urukean Theophoric Names|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/36775745|publisher=Zaphon|publication-place=Münster|year=2018|isbn=3-96327-010-1|oclc=1038056453}}
*{{cite book|last=Lambert|first=Wilfred G.|title=Babylonian creation myths|chapter=|chapter-url=|publisher=Eisenbrauns|publication-place=Winona Lake, Indiana|year=2013|isbn=978-1-57506-861-9|oclc=861537250}}
*{{cite book|last=Vacín|first=Luděk|title=U<sub>4</sub> du<sub>11</sub>-ga-ni sá mu-ni-ib-du<sub>11</sub>: ancient Near Eastern studies in memory of Blahoslav Hruška|chapter=Gudea and Ninĝišzida: A Ruler and His God|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/1037473|publisher=Islet|publication-place=Dresden|year=2011|isbn=978-3-9808466-6-0|oclc=761844864}}
*{{cite book|last=Wiggermann|first=Frans A. M.|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/540407|chapter=Transtigridian Snake Gods|editor1-first=I. L.|editor1-last=Finkel|editor2-first=M. J.|editor2-last=Geller|title=Sumerian Gods and their Representations|year=1997|isbn=978-90-56-93005-9 }}
*{{citation|last=Wiggermann|first=Frans A. M.|entry=Nin-ĝišzida|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Assyriologie|entry-url=http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8687| year=1998|access-date=2022-03-20}}
== External links ==
*[http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ningizida/ Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Ningišzida (god)]
*[http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.4.19*# ETCSLsubcorpus: balbales and hymns to Ninĝišzida]
== 参照 ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:にんきしつた}}
[[Category:メソポタミア神話]]
[[Category:男龍蛇]]
[[Category:冥界神]]
[[Category:ng系]]
