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バビロニアやアッシリアの寺院においては、壁に囲まれた寺院の内部に置かれた聖水の水槽もまた「アプスー」と呼ばれていた。宗教的な洗浄行為への使用を目的としたものとして、イスラム教のモスクにおける、礼拝前の清浄（ウドゥー）のために中庭に設けられた泉や、キリスト教の教会における洗礼盤などの先駆とみなされる可能性がある。
The '''Abzu''' or '''Apsu''' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{lang|sux|{{cuneiform|𒀊𒍪}}}} {{transl|sux|abzu}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: {{lang|akk|{{cuneiform|7|[[File:Assyrian cuneiform U1200A MesZL 223.svg|25px]][[File:Assyrian cuneiform U1236A MesZL 15.svg|31px]]}}}} {{transl|akk|apsû}}), also called {{transl|sux|engur}} ([[Cuneiform]]:{{cuneiform|𒇉}}, {{transl|sux|LAGAB×HAL}}; [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]: {{transl|sux|engur}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: {{transl|akk|engurru}}—{{Literal translation|}} {{transl|ak|ab}}='water' {{transl|akk|zu}}='deep', recorded in Greek as {{lang|grc|{{script|Grek|Ἀπασών}}}} {{transl|grc|Apasṓn}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/apsu-e129820?lang=fr|title= Brill - Apsȗ |date= October 2006 |publisher= Brill |doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e129820|lang=fr}}</ref>), is the name for fresh water from underground [[aquifer]]s which was given a religious fertilising quality in [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian literature#Mythology|Akkadian]] mythology. Lakes, springs, rivers, wells, and other sources of fresh water were thought to draw their water from the abzu. In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, it is referred to as the '''primeval sea''' below the void space of the underworld ([[Kur]]) and the earth ([[Ma (Sumerian mythology)|Ma]]) above.
== In Sumerian culture ==
In the city of [[Eridu]], [[Enki]]'s temple was known as [[É (temple)#List of specific temples|E<sub>2</sub>-abzu]] (house of the deep waters) and was located at the edge of a swamp, an abzu.<ref>Green, Margaret Whitney (1975). ''Eridu in Sumerian Literature''. University of Chicago: Ph.D. dissertation. pp. 180–182.</ref> Certain tanks of [[holy water]] in [[Babylon]]ian and [[Assyria]]n temple courtyards were also called abzu (''apsû'').<ref>Jeremy Black and Anthony Green, 1992. ''Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "abzu, apsû". {{ISBN|0-292-70794-0}}.</ref> Typical in religious washing, these tanks were similar to [[Judaism]]'s [[mikve|mikvot]], [[Ghusl|the washing pools]] of [[Islam]]ic [[mosque]]s, or the [[baptismal font]] in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]]es.
== In Sumerian cosmology ==
The [[Sumer]]ian god [[Enki]] (Ea in the [[Akkadian language]]) was believed to have lived in the abzu since before human beings were created. His wife [[Damgalnuna]], his mother [[Nammu]], his advisor [[Isimud]] and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper [[Lahmu]], also lived in the abzu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Orlin |first=Eric |author-link= |date=2015-11-19 |title= Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&dq=abzu+damgalnuna&pg=PA8 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=8 |isbn=978-1134625529}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Horowitz |first=Wayne |author-link= |date=1998 |title=Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8fl8BXpR0MC&dq=abzu+lahmu&pg=PA308 |location= |publisher= Eisenbrauns|page=308 |isbn=0931464994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Putthoff |first= Tyson|author-link= |date=2020 |title=Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cn-DwAAQBAJ&dq=abzu+isimud&pg=PA71 |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-1108490542}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Eppihimer|first=Melissa |author-link= |date= 2019|title= Exemplars of Kingship: Art, Tradition, and the Legacy of the Akkadians
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtGaDwAAQBAJ&dq=gatekeeper+lahmu&pg=PA188 |location= |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=188 |isbn=978-0190903015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=N. Pope|first=Charles |author-link= |date=2016 |title=Living in Truth: Archaeology and the Patriarchs (Part I): Early Pharaohs
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aax2DAAAQBAJ&dq=isimud+advisor&pg=PA17 |location= |publisher=DomainOfMan.com |page=17 |isbn=}}
</ref>
==As a deity==
Abzu (''apsû'') is depicted as a [[deity]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord |url-access=registration |title=Encyclopedia of gods: over 2,500 deities of the world |last=Jordan |first=Michael |year=1993 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |via=Internet Archive |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord/page/2 2]|isbn=9780816029099 }}</ref> only in the Babylonian [[Creation myth|creation]] [[Epic poetry|epic]], the [[Enūma Eliš|{{transl|akk|Enūma Eliš}}]], taken from the library of [[Assurbanipal]] (c. 630 BCE) but which is about 500 years older. In this story, he was a primal being made of fresh water and a lover to another primal deity, [[Tiamat]], a creature of salt water. The {{transl|akk|Enūma Eliš}} begins: "When above the heavens (''e-nu-ma e-liš'') did not yet exist nor the earth below, Apsu the freshwater ocean was there, the first, the begetter, and Tiamat, the saltwater sea, she who bore them all; they were still mixing their waters, and no pasture land had yet been formed, nor even a reed marsh." This resulted in the birth of the younger gods, who later murdered Apsu in order to usurp his lordship of the universe. Enraged, Tiamat gives birth to the first dragons, filling their bodies with "venom instead of blood", and made war upon her treacherous children, only to be slain by [[Marduk]], the god of Storms, who then forms the heavens and earth from her corpse.
==In popular culture==
''[[Abzû]]'' is a 2016 adventure game that was influenced by Sumerian mythology of Abzu.<ref name="VerseInterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/21362-abz-creative-director-matt-nava-interview |title=Exploring the Hidden Depths of 'Abzû' |author=Haske, Steve |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170309194945/https://www.inverse.com/article/21362-abz-creative-director-matt-nava-interview |archive-date=2017-03-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
* {{annotated link|Abyzou}}
* {{annotated link|Cosmic ocean}}
* {{annotated link|Firmament}}
* {{annotated link|Nu (mythology)|Nu}}
* {{annotated link|Varuna}}
* {{annotated link|Wuji (philosophy)|''Wuji''}}
== 神としてのアプスー ==
