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[[Homer]] pictures Apollo on the side of the [[Troy|Trojans]], fighting against the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]], during the [[Trojan War]]. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to ''Appaliunas'', a tutelary god of [[Wilusa]] ([[Troy]]) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found in front of the gates of [[Homer]]ic Troy were the symbols of Apollo. A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of ''Artimus'' ([[Artemis]]) and ''Qλdãns'', whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms, in surviving [[Lydian language|Lydian]] texts''.'' However, recent scholars have cast doubt on the identification of ''Qλdãns'' with Apollo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-greenewalt-gods-of-lydia|title=The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis|website=sardisexpedition.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>
→アナトリアでの起源
アポローンの起源はギリシャ以外であると、長い間、学問の世界で考えられてきた<ref name="DDD"/>。アポローンの母レートーの名はリディアに由来し、小アジアの海岸で崇拝されていた。霊感神霊信仰は、シビュラの起源であり、最古の神霊祠の起源でもあるアナトリアからギリシャに伝わったと思われる。アッシロ・バビロニアの古い文書には、お告げ、象徴、浄化、悪魔祓いなどが登場する。これらの儀式はヒッタイト帝国に広がり、そこからギリシアにも伝わった<ref name="Nilsson563">Martin Nilsson. ''Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I'', pp. 563–564</ref>。
ホメロスは、トロイア戦争でアカイア人と戦うトロイア人の側にいるアポローンを描いている。アポローンは他の神々に比べ、ギリシア人の信頼が薄い恐ろしい神として描かれている。小アジアのウィルサ（トロイ）の守護神であった[[アパリウナス]]と関係がありそうだが、語句が完全ではない<ref>Paul Kretschmer (1936). Glotta XXIV p. 250. Martin Nilsson (1967). Vol I, p. 559.</ref>。ホメロスのトロイの門の前にあった石は、アポローンのシンボルであった。西アナトリア起源は、現存するリディア語のテキストにあるArtimus（Artemis）とQλdãns（その名前はヒッタイト語やドーリア語と同義かもしれない）の並列崇拝への言及によっても補強されるかもしれない<ref>https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/corpus.php, EDIANA - Corpus, www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de, 2018-03-08</ref>。しかし、最近の学者たちは、Qλdãnsとアポローンの同一視に疑問を投げかけている<ref>http://sardisexpedition.org/en/essays/latw-greenewalt-gods-of-lydia, The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, sardisexpedition.org, 2018-03-08</ref>。
ギリシアでは、魔除けとして公共の場や家屋を守る神としてἀγυιεύς agyieusと呼ばれ、そのシンボルは先細りの石や円柱であった<ref>Martin Nilsson, ''Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion.'' vol. I (C. H. Beck), 1955:563f.</ref>。
The Greeks gave to him the name {{lang|grc|ἀγυιεύς}} ''[[agyieus]]'' as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil and his symbol was a tapered stone or column.<ref>Martin Nilsson, ''Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion.'' vol. I (C. H. Beck), 1955:563f.</ref> However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the [[full moon]], all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (''sibutu'') indicates a [[Babylonia]]n origin.<ref>Martin Nilsson (1967). Vol I, p. 561.</ref>
The [[Late Bronze Age]] (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) [[Hittites|Hittite]] and [[Hurrian]] ''Aplu'' was a god of [[Plague (disease)|plague]], invoked during plague years. Here we have an [[apotrope|apotropaic]] situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning ''the son of'', was a title given to the god [[Nergal]], who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun [[Shamash]].<ref name="Grummond">de Grummond, Nancy Thomson (2006) ''Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend''. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology); Mackenzie, Donald A. (2005) ''Myths of Babylonia and Assyria'' (Gutenberg)</ref> Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god ({{lang|grc|δεινὸς θεός}}) who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods.<ref>Martin Nilsson (1967). Vol I. pp. 559–560.</ref> In ''[[Iliad]]'', his priest prays to ''Apollo Smintheus'',<ref>"You Apollo Smintheus, let my tears become your arrows against the Danaans, for revenge". [[Iliad]] 1.33 (A 33).</ref> the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats.<ref name=LSJsmintheus/><ref>An ancient aetiological myth connects ''sminthos'' with mouse and suggests Cretan origin. Apollo is the mouse-god (Strabo 13.1.48).</ref><ref>"Sminthia" in several areas of Greece. In [[Rhodes]] (Lindos) they belong to Apollo and Dionysos who have destroyed the rats that were swallowing the grapes". Martin Nilsson (1967). pp. 534–535.</ref> All these functions, including the function of the healer-god [[Paean (god)|Paean]], who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.
