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[[File:Inscription of Cathbodua.png|right|thumb|300px|フランスオート＝サヴォワ県 ミウシーで発見された、カトゥボドゥア(Cathubodua)へと捧げられた碑文 (CIL XII, 2571)]]
'''バズヴ'''（Badb,Badhbh）あるいは'''バイヴ'''は、ケルト神話に登場する戦いの女神である。
In [[Irish mythology]], the '''Badb''' ([[Old Irish]], {{IPA-sga|ˈbaðβ|pron}}), or in [[Irish language|Modern Irish]] '''Badhbh''' ({{IPA-ga|ˈbˠəu}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈbˠəiw|Munster}})—also meaning "[[crow]]"—is a [[war goddess]] who takes the form of a crow, and is thus sometimes known as '''Badb Catha''' ("battle crow").<ref name="eDILbadb">http://www.dil.ie/5114 ''badb'', Author: [[Royal Irish Academy]]</ref> She is known to cause fear and confusion among soldiers to move the tide of battle to her favoured side. Badb may also appear prior to a battle to foreshadow the extent of the carnage to come, or to predict the death of a notable person. She would sometimes do this through wailing cries, leading to comparisons with the [[Banshee|bean-sídhe]] (banshee).
With her sisters, [[Macha (Irish mythology)|Macha]] and the Morrigan or [[Anu (Irish goddess)| Anand]], Badb is part of a [[Triple deity|trio]] of war goddesses known as ''[[The Morrígan|the three Morrígna]]''.<ref name="Invasions">{{cite book | author=Macalister, R.A.S. (trans.) | title =Lebor Gabála Érenn: Book of the Taking of Ireland Part 1-5 | publisher = Irish Texts Society | year =1941 | location =Dublin}}</ref><ref name="CMT166-CELT">[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G300010/text167.html ''Cath Maige Tuired'': The Second Battle of Mag Tuired], Text 166, Author: Unknown</ref><ref name="CMT167">Elizabeth A. Gray (ed. & trans.), ''[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T300010/index.html Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired]'', section 167, 1982</ref>
==Representations in legends==
In Irish legends, Badb is associated with war and death, appearing either to foreshadow imminent bloodshed or to participate in battles, where she creates confusion among the soldiers. As a harbinger of doom, she appears in a number of different guises. In ''[[Togail Bruidne Dá Derga]]'', she takes the form of an ugly hag who prophesies [[Conaire Mór]]'s downfall.<ref name="Culture">{{cite book | author=Koch, John T. | title =Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia | publisher = ABC-CLIO | date =December 2005 | location = Santa Barbara, Calif. | page =220 | isbn = 978-1-85109-440-0}}</ref> She appears in a similar guise in ''Togail Bruidne Dá Choca'' to foretell the slaying of Cormac Condloinges, as well as taking the form of a "[[Bean nighe|washer at the ford]]"—a woman washing Cormac's chariot and harness in a ford in what was considered an omen of death.<ref name="Culture" /><ref name="Symbols">{{cite book | author=Davidson, Hilda Ellis | title =Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions | publisher = Syracuse University Press | year =1988 | location = Syracuse, NY | page =99 | isbn = 978-0-8156-2441-7}}</ref> The cries of Badb may also be an ill omen: Cormac's impending death is foreshadowed with the words "The red-mouthed badbs will cry around the house, / For bodies they will be solicitous" and "Pale badbs shall shriek".<ref name="Ancient">Hennessy, W. M., "The Ancient Irish Goddess of War", ''Revue Celtique'' 1, 1870–72, pp. 32–37</ref> In this role she has much in common with the bean-sídhe.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite book | author=Mackillop, James | title =A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology | publisher = Oxford University Press | year =2004 | location = New York | page =30 | isbn = 978-0-19-860967-4}}</ref>
She was also regularly depicted as an active participant in warfare; indeed, the battlefield was sometimes referred to as "the garden of the Badb".<ref name="Heroes">{{cite book | author=Sjoestedt, Mary-Louise | title =Celtic Gods and Heroes | publisher = Dover Publications | year =2000 | location= Mineola, NY | page =32 | isbn = 978-0-486-41441-6}} (reissue of ''Gods and Heroes of the Celts''. London: Methuen, 1949)</ref> During the [[Cath Maige Tuired|First Battle of Mag Tuired]], Badb—along with her sisters, Macha and Morrígan—fights on the side of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]]. Using their magic, the three sisters incite fear and confusion among the [[Fir Bolg]] army, conjuring "compact clouds of mist and a furious rain of fire" and allowing their enemies "neither rest nor stay for three days and nights".<ref name="FirstBattle">Fraser, J. (ed. & trans.), [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/1maghtured.html "The First Battle of Moytura"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504180957/http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/1maghtured.html |date=4 May 2009 }}, ''[[Ériu (journal)|Ériu]]'' 8, pp. 1–63, 1915</ref> Badb plays a similar role in the [[Táin Bó Cúailnge]], terrorising and disorienting the forces of [[Medb|Queen Medb]] and causing many to fall on their own weapons.<ref name="Ancient" /> She would often take the form of a screaming raven or crow, striking fear into those who heard her,<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book | author=Leeming, David | title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=November 2007 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-515669-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem }}</ref> and could also be heard as a voice among the corpses on a battlefield.<ref name="Culture" />
Following the defeat of the [[Formorians]] by the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] in the [[Cath Maige Tuired#The Second Battle of Mag Tuired|Second Battle of Mag Tuired]], Badb (or the Morrígan daughter of Ernmas)<ref name="CMT167"/> instead of predicting doom, now sings a prophecy celebrating the victory and a time of peace,
<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Middle Irish [819-820]<ref name="CMT166-CELT"/> !! Modern English<ref name="CMT166Eng-CELT">{{cite web|title=Part 168 of Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired|url=http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300010/text168.html|website=celt.ucc.ie|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| Sith co nem.<br>Nem co doman.<br>Doman fo ním,<br>nert hi cach,<br>án forlann,<br>lan do mil,<br>mid co saith.<br>Sam hi ngam...
| Peace up to heaven.<br>Heaven down to earth.<br>Earth beneath heaven,<br>Strength in each,<br>A cup very full,<br>Full of honey;<br>Mead in abundance.<br>Summer in winter...
|}
</blockquote>
Then she delivers a prophecy of the eventual end of the world, "foretelling every evil that would be therein, and every disease and every vengeance. Wherefore then she sang this lay below.":<ref name="CMT167"/>
<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Middle Irish [831-832,833,837-840]<ref name="CMT168-CELT">{{cite web|title=Part 168 of Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired|url=http://celt.ucc.ie/published/G300010/text168.html|website=celt.ucc.ie|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> !! Modern English<ref name="CMT168Eng-CELT">{{cite web|title=Part 169 of Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired|url=http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T300010/text169.html|website=celt.ucc.ie|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| Ni accus bith nombeo baid:<br>sam cin blatha,<br>beti bai cin blichda,<br><br>
mna can feli<br>fir gan gail.<br>Gabala can righ...<br><br>
feda cin mes.<br>Muir can toradh.<br><br>
sen saobretha.<br>Brecfásach mbrithiom-<br>braithiomh<br><br>
cech fer.<br>Foglaid cech mac.<br>Ragaid mac i lligie a athar.<br>Ragaid<br><br>
athair a lligi a meic.<br>Cliamain cach a brathar.<br>Ni sia nech mnai assa<br><br>
tigh...<br>olc aimser<br>immera mac a athair,<br>imera ingen...
| I shall not see a world which will be dear to me:<br>Summer without blossoms,<br>Cattle will be without milk,<br><br>
Women without modesty,<br>Men without valour.<br>Conquests without a king...<br><br>
Woods without mast.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/mast (n2)] "fallen nuts or acorns serving as food for animals" on etymonline.com</ref><br>Sea without produce...<br><br>
False judgements of old men.<br>False precedents of lawyers,<br>Every man<br><br>a betrayer.<br>Every son a reaver.<br>The son will go to the bed of his father,<br>The father<br><br>will go to the bed of his son.<br>Each his brother's brother-in-law.<br>He will not seek any woman outside his<br><br>house...<br>An evil time,<br>Son will deceive his father,<br>Daughter will deceive...
|}
</blockquote>
==Kinship==
Badb is often identified as one of [[The Morrígan|the Morrígna]], a trio of Irish war goddesses, although there exist a number of conflicting accounts on this subject. In ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'', Badb, Macha and Morrígan make up the Morrígna trinity and are named as daughters of the farming goddess [[Ernmas]].<ref name="Invasions"/> According to this version, she is also the sister of [[Ériu]], [[Banba]] and [[Fódla]], the three matron goddesses of Ireland, who give their names to the land.<ref name="Invasions"/> Other accounts identify the trio as daughters of the druid Cailitin and his wife.
''Lebor Gabála Érenn'' also states that Badb is one of the two wives of the war god [[Neit]].<ref name="Invasions" /> Less commonly, she has been described as the wife of the Fomorian king [[Tethra]].<ref name="Dictionary" />
===Similar deities===
In her role as a terrifying battlefield goddess and harbinger of doom, Badb closely resembles [[Nemain]]. Like Badb, Nemain is identified as a wife of Neit. Writers have sometimes used their names interchangeably, suggesting that they may in fact be a single goddess.<ref name="Dictionary" /> On the other hand, [[W. M. Hennessy]] notes that Badb and Nemain were said to have different sets of parents, suggesting that they may not be entirely identical figures.<ref name="Ancient" />
Badb also appears to be closely related to the [[Gaulish]] goddess [[Catubodua]], or Bodua.<ref name="Dictionary" />
==Etymology==
Pointing to variants such as Irish ''badhbh'' 'hoodie crow, a fairy, a scold,' Early Irish ''badb'', 'crow, demon,' ''Badba'', Welsh ''bod'', 'kite,' the Gaulish name ''Bodv''-, in ''Bodvo-gnatus'' and the Welsh name ''Bodnod'', Macbain (1982) suggests *''bodwā''- as the [[Proto-Celtic]] ancestral form. However, [[Julius Pokorny]] (1959:203) suggests *''badwā''- on the basis of similar data. Both MacBain (1982) and [[Julius Pokorny]] (1959:203) correlate the element with [[Old Norse|Norse]] ''böð'', [[genitive]] ''boðvar'', 'war,' and Anglo-Saxon ''beadu'', [[genitive]] ''beadwe'', 'battle,' suggesting that the word originally denoted '[[Enyo|battle]]' or '[[Eris (mythology)|strife]].' [[Julius Pokorny]] (1959:203) presents the element as an extended form of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root *''bhedh''- 'pierce, dig.' To this root Pokorny also links the Sanskrit ''bádhate'', 'oppress,' and the Lithuanian ''bádas'', 'famine'.
W. M. Hennessy argues that the word ''bodb'' or ''badb'' originally meant ''rage'', ''fury'', or ''violence'', and came to mean a witch, fairy, or goddess, represented in folklore by the scald-crow, or royston-crow.<ref name="Ancient">Hennessy, W. M., "The Ancient Irish Goddess of War", ''Revue Celtique'' 1, 1870–72, pp. 32–37</ref> Peter O'Connell's 1819 ''Irish Dictionary'' defines the Badb as a "''[[banshee|bean-sidhe]]'', a female fairy, phantom, or spectre, supposed to be attached to certain families, and to appear sometimes in the form of squall-crows, or royston-crows" and ''badb-catha'' as "''Fionog'', a royston-crow, a squall crow". Other entries relate to her triple nature: "''Macha'', i. e. a royston-crow; ''Morrighain'', i. e. the great fairy; ''Neamhan'', i. e. ''Badb catha nó feannóg''; a ''badb catha'', or royston-crow."<ref>Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz, ''The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries'', 1911, pp. 304–305</ref>
==See also==
*[[Boa Island]]
*[[Clídna]]
*[[Irish mythology in popular culture]]
*[[Mongfind]]
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* Ó Cuív, Brian (1968). ''Irish Sagas''; ed. Myles Dillon. Cork: Mercier.
*MacBain, Alexander. (1982) ''An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language''. Gairm Publications.
*[[Julius Pokorny|Pokorny]], Julius (1959). ''[[Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]]''
== 概要 ==
